英语四级六级阅读模拟试题英语四级六级阅读模拟试题DURINGthesecondworldwaranewtermofabuseenteredtheEnglishlanguage.Tocallsomeone“alittleHitler”meanthewasamenialfunctionarywhoemployedwhatpowerhehadinordertoannoyandfrustrateothersforhisowngratification.FromnightclubbouncerstothesquaddiesatAbuGhraibprisonwhotormentedtheirprisonersforfun,littleHitlersplaguetheworld.Thephenomenonhasnot,though,hithertobeensubjecttoscientificinvestigation.NathanaelFastoftheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniahaschangedthat.Heobservedthatlotsofpsychologicalexperimentshavebeendoneontheeffectsofstatusandlotsontheeffectsofpower.Butfew,ifany,havebeendoneonbothcombined.HeandhiscolleaguesNirHalevyofStanfordUniversityandAdamGalinskyofNorthwesternUniversity,inChicago,setouttocorrectthis.InparticulartheywantedtoseeifitiscircumstancesthatcreatelittleHitlersor,rather,whetherpeopleofthattypesimplygravitateintojobswhichallowthemtobehavebadly.TheirresultshavejustbeenpublishedintheJournalofExperimentalSocialPsychology.DrFast’sexperimentrandomlyassignedeachof213participantstooneoffoursituationsthatmanipulatedtheirstatusandpower.Allparticipantswereinformedthattheyweretakingpartinastudyonvirtualorganisationsandwouldbeinteractingwith,butnotmeeting,afellowstudentwhoworkedinthesamefictionalconsultingfirm.Participantswerethenassignedeithertheroleof“ideaproducer”,ajobthatentailedgeneratingandworkingwithimportantideas,orof“worker”,ajobthatinvolvedmenialtaskslikecheckingfortypos.Apost-experimentquestionnairedemonstratedthatparticipantsdid,asmightbeexpected,lookupontheroleofideaproducerwithrespectandadmiration.Equallyunsurprisingly,theylookeddownontheroleofworker.Tomanipulatetheirpower,participantsweretoldtherewouldbeadrawfora$50bonusprizeattheendofthestudyandthat,regardlessoftheirrole,eachparticipantwouldbeabletodictatewhichactivitieshispartnermustengageintoqualifytoenterthedraw.ParticipantsthatDrFastwantedtoimbuewithasenseofpowerwereinformedthatoneotherelementoftheirroleinvolveddictatingwhich“hoops”theirpartnerswouldhavetojumpthroughinordertoqu