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CHINESEANDWESTERNCIVILIZATIONCONTRASTEDBertrandRussellRussell,BertrandArthurWilliam(1872-1970)BertrandRussellwasbornatTrelleckonMay18,1872,thesecondsonofViscountAmberley.HisgrandfatherwasLordJohnRussell,LiberalPrimeMinisterandafollowerofJohnStuartMill.Leftanorphanattheageofthree,hewasbroughtupbyhisgrandmother.Taughtbygovernessesandtutors,heacquiredaperfectknowledgeofFrenchandGerman,andlaidthefoundationforalucidprosestyle.AtTrinityCollege,Cambridge,heobtainedaFirstClassinMathematicsandMoralSciences.AttheMathematicalCongressinParisin1900RussellbecameinterestedintheItalianmathematicianPeano,andafterastudyofhisworkswroteThePrinciplesofMathematics.WithDr.A.N.Whitehead,hedevelopedthemathematicallogicofPeanoandFrere,andjointlytheywrotePrincipiaMathematica.In1910hewasappointedlectureratTrinityCollege,Cambridge.HemadefrequenttripstotheContinentandoccasionallyabandonedphilosophyforpolitics.WhenWorldWarIbrokeouthetookanactivepartintheNoConscriptionFellowshipandwasfinedonehundredpoundsforissuingapamphletonconscientiousobjection.Hislibrarywasseizedinpaymentofthefine.TrinityCollegecancelledhislectureship.In1918hewassentencedtosixmonths'imprisonmentforhispacifistviewsexpressedintheTribunal.HewrotehisIntroductiontoMathematicalPhilosophyinprison.In1920hecametoChinatolectureonphilosophyatPekingUniversity.In1927Russellandhissecondwife,DoraWinifredBlack,startedafamousnurseryschool,whichwasclosedin1931forfinancialdifficulties.Heledabusyandadventurouslife.HisAHistoryofWesternPhilosophywaspublishedin1945ThereisatpresentinChina,aswehaveseeninpreviouschapters,aclosecontactbetweenourcivilizationandthatwhichisnativetotheCelestialEmpire.Itisstilladoubtfulquestionwhetherthiscontactwillbreedanewcivilizationbetterthaneitherofitsparents,orwhetheritwillmerelydestroythenativecultureandreplaceitbythatofAmerica.Contactsbetweendifferentcivilizationshaveofteninthepastprovedtobelandmarksinhumanprogress.GreecelearntfromEgypt,RomefromGreece,theArabsfromtheRomanEmpire,mediævalEuropefromtheArabs,andRe
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