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UsingAbbreviationsWehavesaidthatthestudentisnotconcernedwithtakingdowneverywordthatthelecturersays,sohaverejectedshorthandfornormalnotetaking.Nevertheless,alotoftimeandeffortcanbesavedbyusingabbreviationsandsymbols.Thesymbolsyouusemustmakesensetoyou,butitisnotnecessaryforanyoneelsetobeabletounderstandthem.Note-takingisaveryindividualskill.Themainpointtorememberistouseonlyabbreviationswhichyouwillbeabletorememberwhenrevisingyournotessometimelater.Astudentoflinguistics,forexample,mightbeill-advisedtousephon.asanabbreviationforphonology:itcouldequallywellstandforphonetics,arelated,butdifferent,areaoflinguistics.Abbreviationscanbeofthreekinds:1.Fieldabbreviations.Thestudentspecializinginacertainfieldwilllearncertainabbreviationsaspartofthestudyofthatfield.Forexample,astudentofchemistrywillknowthatCstandsforCarbon,andCaforCalcium.Suchabbreviationsareveryusefulsincetheyarewidelyusedwithineachfieldbutnotambiguous,orliabletobemisunderstood.2.Commonlyunderstoodabbreviations.Theseareabbreviationsincommonuse,orelseeasilyunderstood.Someexamplesarei.e.meaningthatis,and=meaningisequalto,oristhesameas.Formoreexamplesseethefollowingparts.Someusefulabbreviationsandsymbolsfornote-takingFromLatincf.compare(with)e.g.forexampleetc.etcetera,andsoonetal.andothersibid.inthesameplace(inabookorarticle)i.e.thatisN.B.notewell(somethingimportant)viz.namely(namingsomeoneorsomethingyouhavejustreferredto)Symbols∴therefore,thus,so∵because＝isequalto,thesameas≠isnotequalto,notthesameas＋plus,and,more－miuns,less＞greaterthan＜lessthan≥muchgreaterthan≤muchlessthan%percent÷divide,dividedby×multiply,multipliedbyフinsert(somethingwhichhasbeenomitted)→from...to,leadto,resultsin3.Personalabbreviationsmadeupbythestudenthimself.Ifyoufindyourselfhavingtofrequentlynotedownacertainworditissensibletofindawayofabbreviatingit.Forexample,astudentofEnglishliteraturelisteningtoalectureonthepoetWordsworthcouldwellusetheinitialW.insteadofwritingoutthepoet'snameinfulleachtimehehastorefertoit.Usingshortenedformofa
