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OurDistributedSystemDefinitionSofar…TheInternet(InternetMappingProject,colorcodedbyISPs)网络类型Performance:considertworoutersconnectedbyalinkLatencyoverthecommunicationlinkPropagationdelay(Lt):thetimeittakesforthefirstbitofapackettoreachthedestinationDatatransferrate(Tr)packetdelay=Lt+packetsize/TrOthercomponentsoflatencyProcessingdelay:thetimeittakesfortheOStoprocess/send/receivethemessage.Queuingdelay:thetimeittakesamessagetobequeuedeitheratendhostsorintermediatenodeswhilewaitingfortransmission.Bandwidth:thetotalamountofinformationthatcanbetransmittedoveragiventime.Expressedasmessages/secondorbytespersecondNetworkingPrinciplesNetworkingPrinciplesOSI7-LayerProtocolModelOSI7-LayerProtocolSummaryWhysuchaLayering?OSIReferenceModelEncapsulationofUpper-layerDataInternet5-LayerModelMessageEncapsulation--TCPoveranEthernetPhysicalLayerDataLinkLayerNetworkLayerIPAddressing(v4)DecimalRepresentationofInternetAddressesIPHeaderIPHeaderIPPacketLayoutIPv6HeaderLayoutCIDRExampleofSubnetMaskWehaveLANs;whataretheseother“nodes”thatconnectthem?Howdopeerlayerstalk?Translation:Whodiscoverstheseaddressesforthedestination?ARP:AddressResolutionProtocolbetweenIPandUnderlyingNetworksARPExampleARPARPARP“Knows”–How?RoutingAlgorithmsDistanceVectorRoutingDistanceVectorRoutingDistanceVectorRoutingPseudo-CodeforRIPLinkStateRoutingLinkStateRoutingLinkStateRoutingTransportLayer=TransmissionControlProtocolSession/Presentation/ApplicationLayersDNS:DomainNameSystemDNSNameServersDNS:RootNameServersSimpleDNSExampleDNSExampleDNS:IteratedQueriesDNS:CachingandUpdatingRecordsFirewallsFirewallConfigurationsSummary
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