会计学IntroductionThreeDomainsofLanguageDevelopment:Syntax,Semantics,&PragmaticsThreeTheoriesofLanguageDevelopment1.LearningTheory2.NativistTheory3.InteractionistTheoriesIntroductionSecond,weneedtoknowwhatthewordsofalanguagemean.Third,weneedtoknowhowtoputthesewordstogetheringrammaticallyappropriatewayssuchthatotherswillunderstandus.Fourth,weneedtoknowhowtoeffectivelyuseourlanguagetocommunicatewithothers.Psychologistswhostudylanguagerefertoeachoftheseprocessesbydifferentnames.Howweproducemeaningfulsoundsisthestudyofphonology.Semanticsisthestudyofwordmeaningandhowweacquireavocabulary.Thestudyofgrammar(orsyntax)referstohowwelearntherulesofalanguage.Pragmaticsisthestudyofhowweuselanguagetoachievecommunicativegoals.TheoriesofLanguageDevelopmentSkinnerarguedthatchildrenlearnlanguageasparentsselectivelyrewardorpunishonlythosebehaviorswhichtheyrecognizeasappropriate,grammaticallycorrectutterances.Banduraarguedthatlanguagelearningtakesplaceprimarilybyprocessesofobservation&imitation.Simplyput,childrenoverhearlanguagebeingusedandtheyimitatethebehaviorofthesemodels.Learningtheoryhasbeencriticizedonanumberofcounts.Itissimplynotpossibleforparentstoreinforceorpunishallofthepossibleutterancesachildwilluse.Studiesofparent-childinteractionshowthatparentsrewardgrammaticallyincorrectutterancesthataretruthful.Thelanguagethatchildrenhearcontainstoofewexamplesforthemtolearnthecorrectrules(povertyofthestimulusargument).2.NativistTheoryThenativistviewoflanguagedevelopmentistracedbacktotheworkofNoamChomsky(1957).Chomskyarguedthatlanguageistheproductofanunlearned,biologically-based,internalmentalstructure.Becausetheruleswhichunderliealanguagearetoocomplextobeacquiredbychildreninafewshortyears,someaspectsoflanguagemustbeinnatelyspecified.Inshort,manyaspectsoflanguagearenotlearnedbutareapartofourbiologicalendowment.Allnativisttheoriesoflanguagedevelopmentsharecertainelements.First,theyassumethatcertaingrammaticalconceptsarecommontoalllanguagesandarethereforei