The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901.doc
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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901.doc

TheNobelPrizeinPhysics1901.doc

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TheNobelPrizeinPhysics1901-2000byErikB.KarlssonHYPERLINK"http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/articles/karlsson/index.html"\l"footnote#footnote"*WhatIsPhysics?Physicsisconsideredtobethemostbasicofthenaturalsciences.Itdealswiththefundamentalconstituentsofmatterandtheirinteractionsaswellasthenatureofatomsandthebuild-upofmoleculesandcondensedmatter.Ittriestogiveunifieddescriptionsofthebehaviorofmatteraswellasofradiation,coveringasmanytypesofphenomenaaspossible.Insomeofitsapplications,itcomesclosetotheclassicalareasofchemistry,andinothersthereisaclearconnectiontothephenomenatraditionallystudiedbyastronomers.Presenttrendsareevenpointingtowardacloserapproachofsomeareasofphysicsandmicrobiology.Althoughchemistryandastronomyareclearlyindependentscientificdisciplines,bothusephysicsasabasisinthetreatmentoftheirrespectiveproblemareas,conceptsandtools.Todistinguishwhatisphysicsandchemistryincertainoverlappingareasisoftendifficult.ThishasbeenillustratedseveraltimesinthehistoryoftheNobelPrizes.Therefore,afewawardsforchemistrywillalsobementionedinthetextthatfollows,particularlywhentheyarecloselyconnectedtotheworksofthePhysicsLaureatesthemselves.Asforastronomy,thesituationisdifferentsinceithasnoNobelPrizesofitsown;ithasthereforebeennaturalfromthestart,toconsiderdiscoveriesinastrophysicsaspossiblecandidatesforPrizesinPhysics.FromClassicaltoQuantumPhysicsIn1901,whenthefirstNobelPrizeswereawarded,theclassicalareasofphysicsseemedtorestonafirmbasisbuiltbygreat19thcenturyphysicistsandchemists.Hamiltonhadformulatedaverygeneraldescriptionofthedynamicsofrigidbodiesasearlyasthe1830s.Carnot,Joule,KelvinandGibbshaddevelopedthermodynamicstoahighdegreeofperfectionduringthesecondhalfofthecentury.Maxwell'sfamousequationshadbeenacceptedasageneraldescriptionofelectromagneticphenomenaandhadbeenfoundtobealsoapplicabletoopticalradiationandtheradiowavesrecentlydiscoveredbyHertz.Everything,includingthewavephenomena,seemedtofitquitewellintoapicturebuiltonmechanicalmotionoftheconstituen