ChapteroneIntroduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.普通语言学GeneralLinguisticsThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.3.语言languageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。4.识别特征DesignFeaturesItreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Culturaltransmission文化传递Thedesignfeaturesmentionedinthecoursebookincludearbitrariness,productivityorcreativity,duality,displacementandculturaltransmission.Byarbitrarinessitismeantthatthesymbolsusedinhumanlanguagearearbitrary,i.e.thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenthesymbolsandwhattheystandfor.Thefeatureofproductivitymeansthatlanguageisproductiveorcreative,i.e.itispossibleforitsuserstoconstructandunderstandanunlimitednumberofsentences,includingsentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.Dualityisafeatureofthestructureofthehumanlanguagesystem,whichconsistsoftwolevels.Atthelowerlevelthereexistalimitednumberofsoundswhicharemeaningless,whileatthehigherlevelthesemeaninglesssoundscanbearrangedandrearrangedinvariouswaystoformmeaningfullanguageunits,unlimitedinnumber.Thefeatureofdisplacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorunreal,inthepast,present,orfuture.Culturaltransmission,incontrasttogenetictransmission,referstothefactthathumanbabies,thoughbornwiththeabilitytoacquirealanguage,mustbetaughttouseit.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetenceistheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.6.语言运用performancePerformanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。7.历时语言学DiachroniclinguisticsThestudyoflanguagechangethroughtime.adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.8.共时语言学synchroniclinguisticsThestudyofagivenlanguageatagiventime.9.语言langueTheabs