会计学TheGoalsforthisCourse语言学学习应注意的方面：Chapter1Introduction1.DefinitionofLinguistics1)Fourprinciplesoflinguisticstudies(P1)Consistency（一致性）：keeptherulesconsistentinthestudyofalanguage.Thereshouldbenocontradictionbetweendifferentpartsofthetotalstatement.Economy（简洁性、经济性）：ruleouttheredundancy,makekeypartstandoutinlanguagedescriptionorlanguageanalysis.Otherthingsbeingequal,ashortstatementoranalysisispreferredtoalongerormorecomplexone.Objectivity（客观性）：describealanguageasitis.Alinguistshouldbeasobjectiveaspossibleinhisdescriptionandanalysisofdataandcannotallowprejudicetoinfluencehisgeneralizations.2.Linguisticsvs.TraditionalGrammarA.Linguisticsisdescriptive,notprescriptive.Alinguistisinterestedinwhatissaid,notwhathethinksoughttobesaid.Hedescribeslanguageinallitsaspects,butdoesnotprescriberulesofcorrectness.Instead,hewouldprefertobeanobserverandrecorderoffacts,butnotajudge.Traditionalgrammarwasverystronglynormativeincharacter.Thegrammariansawitashistasktoformulatethestandardsofcorrectnessandtoimposethese,ifnecessary,uponthespeakersofthelanguage.B.Linguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.c)LinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinthatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.WeakpointsofTraditionalGrammar1.规定语言学家在判断语言的正确与否时常从逻辑学的角度加以观察，但是却忽视了语言在受一般逻辑规律支配的同时，又有自身的规律，使得语言规律与逻辑规律既有相似性又有相异性。以双重否定为例。从逻辑学的角度来看，否定之否定就是肯定。正因如此，规定语法学家认为：Ididn’tdonothing.正确的解释为:ItisnottruethatIdidnothing.或Ididsomething.但是，英语使用的现实却是这两种相互矛盾的语义都存在。语义的区别是通过语言的语音规律加以实现的。在前者，“didn’t”重读，而后者“didn’t不重读。再看下列例句：Allthechildrendidn’tsleep(Allthechildrenfailedtosleep.)Allthechildrendidn’tsleep.(Notallthechildrenfailedtosleep.)这两个话语在语义上的差异也是违反了传统逻辑规律。语音规律的介入很好地解决了这一问题：Allthechildrendidn’tˋsleep.(重音落在sleep上，且使用降调)ˇAllthechildrendidn’tsleep.（重音落在all上，且使用降升调）事实上，这种突破一般逻辑规律的现象在其它语言中也时常可见。以汉语为例：今天街上好热闹。今天街上好不热闹。再看汉语中的“差点儿”和“差点儿没”两个表达法：他差点儿摔倒了。他差点儿没摔倒。我差点儿通过了考试。我差点儿没通过考试。2.Therearenoabsolutestandardsofcorrectnessinlanguageuses.3.Useofstudyinglinguistics(pp.3-4)1)Tohav