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AppliedElectrochemistry应用电化学Lecture1IntroductionandHowtoIntroductionAt1791,theItalianphysicianandanatomistLuigiGalvanimarkedthebirthofelectrochemistrybystablishingabridgebetweenmuscularcontractionsandelectricitywithhisessayDeViribusElectricitatisinMotuMusculariCommentarius,whereheproposeda"nerveo-electricalsubstance"inlifeforms.Thebirthofbattery——VoltaPileRittercorrelatedtheelectricaleffectsproducedbyvariousmetalcouplesonthemusclewithdifferencesinthemetals’easeofoxidation.Hissuggestionthatcurrentwasduetoachemicalinteractionbetweenthemetalswasthefirstelectrochemicalexplanationofthisphenomenon.Intheearly1800s,heimprovedthedesignoftheVoltaicpile,anddevelopedmuchmorepowerfulbatteries.Intheyears1807-1808hediscoveredtheelementsK,Na,Sr,Ba,CaandMgusingelectrochemicalmethods,andpointedthewaytothediscoveryofmanyotherelements.OneofDavy’simportantdiscoverieswasquitedifferentfromtheothers,foritinvolvedaperson,MichaelFaraday,ratherthanachemicalorcompound.TheLawofElectrochemistry——Faradayconstant-currentelectrochemicalcellIn1836,hedevelopedtheDaniellcell,inwhichazincrodisimmersedinadilutesolutionofsulfuricacidcontainedinaporouspotstandsinasolutionofcoppersulfatesurroundedbycopper.Hydrogenreactswiththecoppersulfate.Theporouspotpreventsthetwoelectrolytesfrommixing,andatthepositive(copper)electrode,copperisdepositedfromthecoppersulfate.fuelcellsByusingathird,orreferenceelectrode,hewasabletodeterminetheanodicandcathodicpotentialsseparately.Notingthatthedecompositionpotentialsofmanyaqueoussolutionsofsaltswerenearlythesame(1.7volts),heconcludedthattheelectrodeprocesseswereidenticalandthathydrogenandoxygengasweredischargedattheelectrodes.Theintroductionofthehydrogenelectrodeisperhapshismostimportantcontributiontoscience.Nernst'sfirstoutstandingworkwashistheoryoftheelectromotiveforceofthevoltaiccell(1888).Hedevelopedmethodsformeasuringdielectricconstantsandwasthefirsttoshowthatsolventsofhighdielectricconstantspromotetheionizationofsubstances.WilliamSturgeonbuiltanelectricmotorin1832andin
