全面剖析非言语交流(一)Nonverbalcommunication-anoverview全面剖析非言语交流Nonverbalcommunication(asthetermimplies)isanythingotherthanwordsthemselvesthatcommunicatesoraffects(positivelyornegatively)themessage"contained"inthewords.非语言交流（顾名思义）任何非语言的事情比语言本身的交流或作用（无论积极还是消极的）消息都“包含”在里面。Metacommunicationisawordusedtodescribethenonverbalprocess.MetaisfromtheGreekandmeans"beyond"or"inadditionto";hence,metacommunicationissomethinginadditiontothecommunication.元信息传递是用来描述不用语言文字的过程。梅塔来源于希腊，意思是“超越”或“添加”，因此，元信息传递是添加了一些元素的交流。Anythingwhichcanbetakenintoaccountasrelevanttoourinterpretationofwhatanotherissayingordoingbeyondthemanifest'content'ofwhatheissayingordoingcanbereferredtoasmetacommunication.任何一些内容可以表明他在说什么或做什么相关的一种“做法或内容”称之为元信息传递。Therearetwotypesofnonverbalcommunicationwhichwewilldiscussbriefly'specialforms'.Youmaynothavethoughtofthemasformsofnonverbalcommunication.Theyareparalanguageandsilence.非言语交流我们可以简要归纳为二种，我们将简要地讨论一下‘特殊形式’。您可能没有想到他们会是非语言交流的形式。即副语言和沉默。Paralanguage副语言Youmayhaveheardsomeonesay,'It'snotwhathesaid,it'sthewayhesaidit."Inflectioncanhaveaneffectontheimpactofamessage;andwhileinflectionisappliedtowords,itisanonverbaltreatmentwhichcancompletelychangethemeaningapersonwouldbeexpectedtoattachtothewords.Inflectionsoremphasisappliedvocallytoamessageareknownasparalanguage.你或许会听说过,“这不是他说的，这是他表达的方式”。语调的抑扬顿挫对信息有一定的影响；当音调的变化运用到语言上，非言语处理能完全改变一个人的意思。语调的抑扬顿挫被认为是副语言。Paralanguagesoundsjusttheoppositefromthewordsthemselves.Someonemayhavegreetedyouwitha"goodmorning!"butthetoneofthewordsrevealedthatitwasanythingbutagoodmorning.副语言的声音正好同文字本身相反。有人和你打招呼会说“早上好！”但语气语调却透露出另一层意思而不是早上好。Thereare,ofcourse,somemessageswhicharetransmittedentirelyinanonverbalmannerthroughgesturesandfacialexpressions.PicturesofWinstonChurchilltakenduringWorldWar11showhimcommunicatingencouragementtothepeoplebyraisingtwofingersinthefamiliar'VforVictory'sign.Probablyeachofushashadtheexperienceofmakingastatementthatwasgreetedeitherbyaraisedeyebrow(indicatingsurprise)orbyawrinkledbrow(indicatingconfusionordoubt).当然,可以利用非言语方式通过姿态和面部表情传递整