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第PAGE\*Arabic\*MERGEFORMAT20页共SECTIONPAGES\*Arabic\*MERGEFORMAT20页BrakesystemsWeallknowthatpushingdownonthebrakepedalslowsacartoastop.Buthowdoesthishappen?Howdoesyourcartransmittheforcefromyourlegtoitswheels?Howdoesitmultiplytheforcesothatitisenoughtostopsomethingasbigasacar?HYPERLINK"http://auto.howstuffworks.com/enlarge-image.htm?terms=brakes&page=0"BrakeImageGalleryLayoutoftypicalbrakesystem.SeemoreHYPERLINK"http://auto.howstuffworks.com/enlarge-image.htm?terms=brakes&page=0"brakeimages.Whenyoudepressyourbrakepedal,yourcartransmitstheforcefromyourfoottoitsbrakesthroughafluid.Sincetheactualbrakesrequireamuchgreaterforcethanyoucouldapplywithyourleg,yourcarmustalsomultiplytheforceofyourfoot.Itdoesthisintwoways:Mechanicaladvantage(leverage)HydraulicforcemultiplicationThebrakestransmittheforcetothetiresusingfriction,andthetirestransmitthatforcetotheroadusingfrictionalso.Beforewebeginourdiscussiononthecomponentsofthebrakesystem,we'llcoverthesethreeprinciples:LeverageHydraulicsFrictionLeverageandHydraulicsInthefigurebelow,aforceFisbeingappliedtotheleftendofthelever.Theleftendoftheleveristwiceaslong(2X)astherightend(X).Therefore,ontherightendoftheleveraforceof2Fisavailable,butitactsthroughhalfofthedistance(Y)thattheleftendmoves(2Y).Changingtherelativelengthsoftheleftandrightendsoftheleverchangesthemultipliers.Thepedalisdesignedinsuchawaythatitcanmultiplytheforcefromyourlegseveraltimesbeforeanyforceiseventransmittedtothebrakefluid.Thebasicideabehindanyhydraulicsystemisverysimple:Forceappliedatonepointistransmittedtoanotherpointusinganincompressiblefluid,almostalwaysanoilofsomesort.Mostbrakesystemsalsomultiplytheforceintheprocess.Hereyoucanseethesimplestpossiblehydraulicsystem:YourbrowserdoesnotsupportJavaScriptoritisdisabled.SimplehydraulicsystemInthefigureabove,twopistons(showninred)arefitintotwoglasscylindersfilledwithoil(showninlightblue)andconnectedtooneanotherwithanoil-filledpipe.Ifyouapplyadownwardforcetoonepiston(theleftone,inthisdrawing
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