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ButOctober'spageonthecalendaralsohasalesserknownobservance.OctoberninthisLeifEricksonDay.LeifEricksonwasaNorseexplorerwhosailedaroundthenortheasterncoastofwhatwenowcallNorthAmericaaboutonethousandyearsago.HeandhiscrewreturnedtoGreenlandwithnewsofaplacehecalled"Vinland."Followinghisexplorations,afewsettlementswerebuilt.ExpertsdiggingineasternCanadainthenineteensixtiesfoundtheremainsofavillagewithhouseslikethoseinGreenland,IcelandandNorway.ButtheNorsedidnotestablishanypermanentsettlementsinNorthAmerica.ChristopherColumbusexploredwhatisnowCubaandbelieveditwaspartoftheeastcoastofAsiaToday,aswerelaunchourseries,webeginwiththestoryofearlyEuropeanexplorersinNorthAmerica.Intheeleventhcentury,Europewasbeginningaperiodofgreatchange.OnereasonwasthereligiouswarsknownastheCrusades.TheseweremilitarycampaignsbyChristianstoforceMuslimsoutoftheHolyLandintheMiddleEast.TheCrusadesbeganattheendoftheeleventhcentury.Theycontinuedforabouttwohundredyears.OneeffectofthepresenceofEuropeanarmiesintheMiddleEastwastoincreasetrade.ThistradewascontrolledbybusinessmeninVeniceandothercity-statesinItaly.ThebusinessmenearnedlargeprofitsbysupplyingthewarringarmiesandbybringinggoodsfromtheEastintoEurope.WhentheEuropeancrusadersreturnedhome,theybroughtwiththemsomenewandusefulproducts.Theseincludedspices,perfumes,silkclothandsteelproducts.ThesegoodsbecamehighlyvaluedalloverEurope.TheincreasedtradewiththeEastledtothecreationandgrowthoftownsalongthesupplyroads.ItalsocreatedalargenumberofrichEuropeanbusinessmen.TheEuropeannationsweregrowing.Theydevelopedarmiesandgovernments.Thesehadtobepaidforwithtaxescollectedfromthepeople.Bythefifteenthcentury,Europeancountrieswerereadytoexplorenewpartsoftheworld.ThefirstexplorerswerethePortuguese.Byfourteenhundred,theywantedtocontroltheEasternspicetrade.EuropeanbusinessmendidnotwanttocontinuepayingVenetianandArabtradersfortheircostlyspices.Theywantedtosetuptradethemselves.IftheycouldsailtoAsiadirectlyfortheseproducts,theresultingtradewouldbringhugeprofits.TheleaderofPo
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