会计学Compare:Ontology(本体）被比喻的事物或情境Metaphors（喻体）打比方的事物或情境Pre-figurativeword（喻词）表示比喻关系(guānxì)的词语Accordingtothestructure,metaphorscanbedividedintotwocategories:visiblemetaphorsandinvisiblemetaphors.Inthevisiblemetaphor,boththeprimaryterm(tenor本体(běntǐ))andthesecondryterm(vehicle喻体)arepresentinthesentence.Ittakestheformof"XisY",asintheexamplesbelow:Youaremysunshine.Heistheappleofhereye.Thehousewillbeparadise.Thatpuddingwasanabsolutedream.Theprimarytermispresent,butthesecondarytermisnot--butitishintedatbyotherwordsinmanycasesbytheverborverbs.Forexample,Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.Inthissentence,thesecondaryterm"food"doesn'tappearliterally,butitissuggestedbytheverbs"tasted","swallowd","chewed","digested".Thesecondarytermispresentinthesentencebuttheprimarytermisnot.Theprimarytermissuggestdbythesecondaryterm.Thiskindofmetaphorleavesroomforthereader'simagination.Forexample,Themachinesittingatthatdeskwasnolongeraman;itwasabusyNewYorkbroker...(O.Henry)Theprimaryterm"man"isnotpresent,butitissuggestedbythesecondaryterm"machine"."Man''isreplacedby"machine"becausethemanatthedeskperformdhisdutymechanically[mi'kænikəli].Inwriter'smind,themanwasnolongeramanbutamachine.Likesimiles明喻(míngyù),metaphorscanalsobeusedforthreepurposes:Besidestheone-aspectmetaphors,therearemulti-aspectmetaphors,likesustainedmetaphorssustainedmetaphors博喻andextendedmetaphors扩喻.Extendedmetaphorisanotherformofcomparison,inwhichaninitialcomparisonismadeandthendevelopd.Forexample,Alltheworld'sastage,Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers;Theyhavetheirexitsandtheirentrances,Andonemaninhistimeplaysmanyparts,Hisactsbeingsevenages...(W.Shakespeare)（Theinitialcomparisonis"Theworldisastage."Itservesasabasiccomparisionandthenitisdevelopedbytheconsequentcomprisions,whichserveasitsextendingpart.）Whenwemakemetaphors,weshouldavoidmixedmetaphors混合(hùnhé)隐喻anddeadmetaphors死喻.Tobeeffective,ametaphorshouldmeetthreerequirements:freshmentsandoriginality;aptnes