TheLiteratureofRomanticismI.ThereasonsontheriseofAmericanRomanticismEver-increasingmagazinesplayedanimportantroleinfacilitatingliteraryexpansioninthecountry.Externalcauses:ForeigninfluencesaddedincentivetothegrowthofromanticisminAmerica.TheinfluenceofSirWalterScottwasparticularlypowerfulandenduring.II.IntroductiontoAmericanRomanticism2.CharacteristicsofRomanticism3.NewEnglandTranscententalism–thesummitofAmericanRomanticismConceptSourcesFeaturesofTranscendentalism(3)ItofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritofGod.NaturewasthegarmentoftheOversoul.(Naturewasnotpurelymatter.Itwasalive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence“TheUniverseiscomposedofNatureandtheSoul.”“Spiritispresenteverywhere.”TheindividualsoulcommunedwiththeOversoulandwasthereforedivine.)III.WritersofRomanticPeriodWashingtonIrving(1783-1859)(2)HismajorworksPlotSummary(1)PlotSummary(2)(3)Interpretationof“SleepyHollow”JamesFenimoreCooper（1783-1859）(2)HiscontributiontoAmericanliterature(3)InterpretationofNattyBumpoWilliamCullenBryant(1794-1878)SummaryofEachStanzaStanza5--Youhavebeenflappingyourwingsalldayhighinthesky,yetyoucontinueoneventhoughnightisnearandlandbeckonsbeneathyou.Stanza6--Soonyourjourneywillend.Soonyouwilldescendtoyoursummerhome.There,youwillscreamamongothersofyourkindandfindsecureshelteramongthetallgrasses.Stanza7--Icannolongerseeyou,butIwillneverforgetthelessonyoutaughtme.Stanza8--God,whoguidesyoufromoneplacetoanother,willalsoguidemethroughlife,leadingmeontherightpath.StyleandThemeofthePoem《致水鸟》有一种力量关照着你，教导你在无路的海滨，荒漠和浩淼的长空，独自漫游，不会迷失。你整天拍打着翅膀，扇着远天那寒冷的稀薄大气，尽管黑夜已靠近，你已疲惫也不肯屈尊降落安全的大地。不久那折磨就会结束；不久你就会找到夏天的家，歇下，在同伴间欢叫；不久芦苇将弯下，在你隐蔽的巢上。你消失了，天空的深渊吞噬了你的身影；但在我心上已深深留下你教给我的一课，它不会很快遗忘。谁引导你穿过无垠的天空，从一个领域到另一个领域，也会在我必须独自跋涉的长途上，正确地引导我的脚步。RalphWaldoEmerson(1803--1882)SelectivereadingsfromNatureUnderstandingoftheextractHenryDavidThoreau(1817-1862)IntroductiontoWaldenImplicationofWaldenStudyQsEdgarAllanPoe(1809-1849)--poet,critic,writerofshortstories(2)SomefactsaboutPoe’slife(3)MajorThe