PartOne①Beowulf:ThenationalheroicepicoftheEnglishpeople.Ithasover3,000lines.ItdescribesthebattlesbetweenthetwomonstersandBeowulf,whowonthebattlefinallyanddeadforthefatalwound.Thepoemendswiththefuneralofthehero.Themoststrikingfeatureinitspoeticalformistheuseifalliteration.Otherfeaturesofitaretheuseofmetaphors(暗喻)andofunderstatements(含蓄).②Alliteration:Inalliterativeverse,certainaccented(重音)wordsinalinebeginwiththesameconsonantsound(辅音).Therearegenerally4accentsinaline,3ofwhichshowalliteration,ascanbeseenfromtheabovequotation.③Romance:Themostprevailing(流行的)kindofliteratureinfeudalEnglandwastheRomance.Itwasalongcomposition,sometimesinverse(诗篇),sometimesinprose(散文),describingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero,usuallyaknight,asridingforthtoseekadventures,takingpartintournament(竞赛),orfightingforhislordinbattleandtheswearingofoaths.④Epic:Anepicisalengthynarrativepoem,ordinarilyconcerningaserioussubjectcontainingdetailsofheroicdeedsandeventssignificantlytoacultureornation.Thefirstepicsareknownasprimacy,ororiginalepics.⑤Ballad:ThemostimportantdepartmentofEnglishfolkliteratureistheballadwhichisastorytoldinsong,usuallyin4-linestanzas(诗节),withthesecondandfourthlinesrhymed.Thesubjectsofballadsarevariousinkind,asthestruggleofyoungloversagainsttheirfeudal-mindedfamilies,theconflictbetweenloveandwealth,thecrueltyofjealousy,thecriticismofthecivilwar,andthemattersandclassstruggle.Theparamount(卓越的)importantballadisRobinHood(《绿林好汉》).⑥GeoffreyChaucer杰弗里.乔叟:HewasanEnglishauthor,poet,philosopheranddiplomat.HeisthefounderofEnglishpoetry.HeobtainedagoodknowledgeofLatin,FrenchandItalian.HisbestrememberednarrativeistheCanterburyTales(《坎特伯雷故事集》),whichthePrologue(序言)suppliesaminiature(缩影)oftheEnglishsocietyofChaucer’stime.ThatiswhyChaucerhasbeencalled“thefounderofEnglishrealism”.Chauceraffirmsmenandwomen’srighttopursuetheirhappinessonearthandopposes(反对)thedogmaofasceticism(禁欲主义)preached(鼓吹)bythechurch.Asaforerunnerofhumanism,hepraisesman’senergy,intellect,quickwitandloveoflife.Chaucer’s