会计学Coherence:Coherencereferstothesmoothmovingfromonesentencetothenext.Ifthesentencearewellconcerned,theparagraphiscoherent.Toensurethesmoothflowofideaswithinaparagraph,youcanusepronouns,repeatkeywordsorphrases,avoidpronounshifts,andresorttotransitionalsignals.Thesearethemostcommonlyusedconnectingdevices.A.TheUseofPronouns(使用代词)Pronounsstandfornounsthatappeatearlierinthesentenceorinprevioussentences.Sample:Englishisconsideredaninternationallanguage.Itisspokenbymorethan260millionpeopleallovertheworld.B.TheRepetitionofKeyNounsAndKeyWordGroups（重复核心词或短语）Repeatingtheimportantwordsintheprevioussentences,particularlythecontrollingideasinthetopicsentence,helpstoremindthereaderofthefocus.Sample:Ifyourobjectiveistoscoreagoal,youmustkicktheball.Theballmaynotgowhereyouaimbecauseofamissedkick.Butifyoucontinuetorunaftertheball,thentheballwilleventuallygetnearertoyourtarget.Youmayneedmoretrainingorthehelpofmemberstoscoreagoal.C.AvoidingPronounShifts(避免随意更替代词)Sample:Aligningyourcareerplantoyourcareerobjectiveiseasierthanonethinks,justimaginewherewewantourcareertobeinanumberofyears,andworkbackwardsfromthere.D.UsingTransitionalSignals(使用过渡性词或短语）Transitionalsignalsareusefulwordsorphrasesforhelpingthereadergrasptheconnectionsinaparagraph.Wordslike“first”,“next”,“forexample”arelikeroadsigns,helpingtopointtheway,tokeepthedirectionclearly.Simple:ShoppingatMonroe’sClothingMartcanberewarding;however,youhavetoknowwhatyouaredoingoryou’llmissthebargains.Takesometimetostudytheirsalesinthenewspapereachweek.Theyalwayshavecertainbrandsonsale;inaddition,manyitemshavebeenmarkeddownto75percent,soyoucangetbargains.Forexample,Iboughtapairofdesignerjeansfor$50.Cohesion(语篇的衔接)“语篇是指任何不完全受句子语法约束的在一定语境中表达完整语义的自然语言”(胡壮麟,1994)。衔接指一段话中各部分在语法或词汇方面有联系或两方面都有联系。这种联系可能存在于不同的句子之间,也可能存在于一个句子的几个部分之间。定义:关于衔接的定义有多种说法。韩礼德和哈桑认为衔接是一个语义概念，是语义上的一种联系，如果篇章中的某一部分对另一部分的理解起着关键作用，这两部分之间就存在着衔接关系。Nunan(1993)认为衔接是篇章内标记不同句际关系的形式连接，是使作者或说话人建立跨越句子边界的关系，并使篇章内的句子扭结在一起的篇章构造手段。韩礼德和哈桑,衔接通过结构衔接和非结构衔接实现。因此,他们将衔接的手段分为两大类:一类是语法手段,另一类是词汇手段。其中语法手段有