Biosci.Biotechnol.Biochem.,75(3),410–413,2011AwardReviewTranscriptionalControlsbyNuclearFat-SolubleVitaminReceptorsthroughChromatinReorganizationyShigeakiKATOandRyojiFUJIKIInstituteofMolecularandCellularBiosciences,TheUniversityofTokyo,1-1-1Yayoi,Bunkyo-ku,Tokyo113-0032,JapanOnlinePublication,March7,2011[doi:10.1271/bbb.100807]Fat-solubleligandslikevitaminA/Dandsteroidformation.Inthisreview,thefunctionsofNRtranscrip-hormonesactivatetheircognatenuclearreceptorsfortionalco-regulatorsarediscussed.ligand-dependenttranscriptionalregulation.Nuclearreceptorsconstituteagenesuperfamilywith48membersI.ChromatinReorganizationIsPrerequisiteinhighermammals,andactasligand-dependenttran-forTranscriptionalControlscriptionfactorstobindstablytospecificDNAelementsinligand/NRtargetgenepromoters.Hence,mostofSincephysicalinteractionbetweenchromosomalbiologicalactionsoffat-solubleligandsaregenerallyDNAandhistoneoctamershinderslocalDNAsequencesthoughttomediateNR-mediatedgeneregulation.Start-fromassociatingwithDNA-bindingtranscriptionfactorsinginearly1990,transcriptionalco-regulatorssupport-includingNRs,nucleosomalunitsareingeneralinhib-ingligand-dependenttranscriptionalcontrolsbyNRsitoryoftranscriptionalevents.7)Hencetranscriptionalhavebeencharacterized.Initially,thetranscriptionaleventsdirectedbyNRsrequirechromatinreorganizationco-regulatorswerebelievedtocouplewithhistonetoenablethefactorstorecognizespecificallyandbindacethylation/deacethylation,andtherebyhistoneace-stablytospecificDNAsequencesbytwoprocesses.Thethyltransferases(HATs)andhistonedeacethylasesfirstishistoneoctamertransfer,mostevidentwhen(HDACs)werecharacterizedasNRco-activatorsanddaughterDNAstrandsassumetheirpropernucleosomalco-repressor,respectively.However,recentprogressinstructureimmediatelyafterDNAreplication.8)Suchchromatinbiologyandepigenomehaverevealedthathistoneoctamertransferandevictionalsooccuratgeneotherhistonemodifyingenzymesandchromatinremod-promoters,wherenucleosomalrearrangementisrequ