5.1ReferenceReferenceistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld,ortheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolsandwhatthesesymbolsrefertointheobjectiveworld.Thereferenceofawordtoathingoutsidethelanguageisarbitraryandconventional.Thisconnectionistheresultofgeneralizationandabstraction.(所指关系是指语言与周围世界的关系或是指语言符号(fúhào)和其在客观世界中的所指对象之间的关联。词对语言以外事物的指称是任意的和约定俗成的。词与事物的联系是高度概括的，是从同类事物中抽象出来的。)5.1ReferenceConcept,whichisbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.Thatis,itisthereflectionoftheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind,knownasnotionoridea.Itisnotaffectedbylanguage.Thesameconceptisthesametospeakersofalllanguages.However,speakersofdifferentlanguagescanhavedifferentlinguisticformstoexpressthesameconcept.(概念是语言以外的东西，是人类认识的结果，是客观事物在人脑中的反映。概念不受语言的影响(yǐngxiǎng)。同一概念在操不同语言的人类是一样的，但不同语言的人类可用不同语言形式表达同一概念。)5.1ReferenceSensedenotestherelationshipinsidethelanguage.Everywordthathasmeaninghassense.Senseissimplythemeaningofawordinalanguage.(语义是指语言内部的关系(guānxì)。有意义的每个词都有语义，语义就是一个词在语言中的意义。)Meaningiscloselyrelatedtoaconcept.Aconceptisthebaseofthemeaningofaword.Awordisusedtolabelaconcept.Theconceptisabstractedfromtheperson,thing,relationship,idea,event,andsoon,thatwearethinkingabout.Wecallthisthereferent.Thewordreferstothereferentthroughaconcept.Thisapproachtomeaningcanbediagrammedasfollowing:wordconceptreferent.Triangleofsignificance（词义(cíyì)三角）Meaning(Concept)WordForm………….Referent5.2MotivationMotivationaccountsfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.Butsincetherelationshipbetweentheword-formandmeaningisconventionalandarbitrary,wordsshouldbenon-motivated.Nevertheless,manywordsaremotivatedtoacertainextentintermsofsound,morphology,semanticsandetymology.(理据是指语言符号与意义之间的关联。然而，由于词的形式(xíngshì)和意义的关系是任意的和约定俗称的，词应该是没有理据的。然而，英语的许多词汇有拟声，形态，语义和词源理据。)5.2MotivationClassificationofmotivation：1)OnomatopoeicMotivationexplainsthewordwhosesoundssuggesttheirmeanings,becausethesewordswerecreatedbyimitatingthenaturalsoundsornoises.Forexample,ba