会计学OutlineIntroductionIntroduction-Why?CriteriaIntroductionIntroductionObjectivesExperiment–PreparationofnanofluidsFigure2:ZrO2inwaterthatproducedwithTwoStepmethodExperimentalResults–EffectofParticleSizeExperimentalResults–EffectofParticleShapeExperimentalResults–EffectofTemperatureExperimentalResults–EffectofTemperatureExperimentalResults-VolumefractionMaxwellwasoneofthefirsttoanalyticallyinvestigateconductionthroughsuspendedparticles.Thisequationandotherequationsforthermalconductivitye.g.,HamiltonandCrosser,andRayleighpredictthermalconductivityreasonablywellfordilutemixturesofrelativelylargeparticlesinfluids.Whenwegotothenanoscalewehavetoconsidersomeeffectsthatdonotexistinlargescales.Toimprovethepredictionsweconsider:1-Effectofnanoparticle-matrixinterfaciallayer2-EffectofnanoparticleBrownianmotion3-Effectofnanoparticlecluster/aggregateSimulationResults–JangandChoi(2007)SimulationResults–JangandChoiSimulationResults–JangandChoiSimulationResults–JangandChoiSimulationResults–JangandChoiSimulationResults–JangandChoiSimulationResults–JangandChoiSimulationResults–MonteCarloMonteCarloSimulation~Asclustersizeincreased,keffincreasesrapidly.~promoterapidconduction~Sizeofthecluster–toobig?Optimumsize?ContradictionkB=BoltzmannconstantPs=PressurecontributionfromfluidmoleculesPc=Pressurecontributionfromthesuspendedcylinderα=freevolumefractionη=packingfactors(e.g.forwater~0.466)n=numberdensityDiscussion&Comments-keffofaluminananofluids~2%to17%in7daysperiod-Thereisnoclearindicationabouttheexactenhancementrate-keffvariesinthefirst5days,reproduciblekeffvalueisachievedlater.~Why?Discussion&CommentsRemainingChallengesDiscussion&CommentsConclusionThankyou