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HighclonaldiversityinthreatenedperipheralpopulationsoAnnalsofBotanyPage1of8doi:10.1093/aob/mcr003,availableonlineatHighclonaldiversityinthreatenedperipheralpopulationsoftheyellowbird’snest(Hypopitysmonotropa;syn.Monotropahypopitys)GemmaE.BeattyandJimProvan*SchoolofBiologicalSciences,Queen’sUniversityBelfast,97LisburnRoad,BelfastBT97BL,NorthernIreland,UK*Forcorrespondence.E-mail:J.Provan@qub.ac.ukReceived:15September2010Returnedforrevision:24November2010Accepted:2December2010BackgroundandAimsPeripheralpopulationsofplantspeciesareoftencharacterizedbylowlevelsofgeneticdiversityasaresultofgeneticdrift,restrictedgeneow,inbreedingandasexualreproduction.Theseeffectscanbeexacerbatedwhererange-edgepopulationsarefragmented.ThemainaimofthepresentstudywastoassessthelevelsofgeneticdiversityinremnantpopulationsofHypopitysmonotropa(syn.Monotropahypopitys;yellowbird’snest)attheedgeofthespecies’EuropeanrangeinNorthernIreland,sincetheseremnantpopulationsaresmallandhighlyfragmented.MethodsEveryplantfoundthroughsurveysof21extantpopulationswasgenotypedforeightmicrosatellitelocitoestimatelevelsandpatternsofgeneticdiversityandclonality.KeyResultsLevelsofgeneticdiversitywererelativelyhighinthepopulationsstudied,andtheincidenceofclonalreproductionwasgenerallylow,withameanofonly14.45%ofclonalindividuals.Clonesweresmallandhighlyspatiallystructured.Levelsofinbreeding,however,werehigh.ConclusionsTheobservedlowlevelsofclonalitysuggestthatthemajorityofgenetsinthepopulationsofH.monotropastudiedarefertileandthatreproductionispredominantlysexual.Asthespeciesishighlyself-com-patible,itislikelythatthehighlevelsofinbreedingobservedinthepopulationsinthepresentstudyaretheresultofself-pollination,particularlygiventhesmallnumbersofindividualsinmostofthepatches.Giventhisextentofinbreeding,furthergeneticmonitoringwouldbeadvisabletoensurethatgeneticdiversityismaintained.Keywords:Clonality,conservation,distributionrange,fragmentation,inbreeding,Hypopitysmonotropa,Monotropoideae,Pyrolaceae.INTRODUCTION1984