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Proteinphosphatase1positivelyregulatesstomatalopeninginresponsetobluelightinViciafabaAtsushiTakemiya*,ToshinoriKinoshita*†,MiwakoAsanuma*‡,andKen-ichiroShimazaki*§*DepartmentofBiology,FacultyofScience,KyushuUniversity,Ropponmatsu,Fukuoka810-8560,Japan;and†PrecursoryResearchforEmbryonicScienceandTechnology(PRESTO),JapanScienceandTechnologyAgency,Kawaguchi,Saitama332-0012,JapanEditedbyPeterH.Quail,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,andapprovedJuly20,2006(receivedforreviewMarch28,2006)Phototropins,plantbluelightreceptors,mediatestomatalopeningeukaryotes(16).Inanimals,PP1hasbeenshowntoregulatea,throughtheactivationoftheplasmamembraneH؉-ATPasebybroadrangeofcellularprocessessuchasglycogenmetabolismunknownmechanisms.Herewereportthattype1proteinphos-proteinsynthesis,cellcycleprogression,musclecontraction,phatase(PP1)positivelyregulatesthebluelightsignalingbetweentranscription,andneuronalsignaling(17).RegulationofthesephototropinsandtheH؉-ATPaseinguardcellsofViciafaba.WemultipleprocessesisaccomplishedbyafewPP1catalyticclonedthefourcatalyticsubunitsofPP1(PP1c)fromguardcellsandsubunits(PP1c)associatingwithmultipleregulatorysubunitsdeterminedtheexpressionoftheisoformsinvarioustissues.thatspecifythecatalyticactivity,thesubstratespecificity,andTransformationofViciaguardcellswithPP1cisoformsthathadlostthesubcellularlocalizationoftheholoenzyme(18,19).Consid-enzymaticactivitybyoneaminoacidmutation,orwithhumaneringthefunctionalimportanceofPP1inanimals,itislikelythatinhibitor-2,aspecificinhibitorproteinofPP1c,suppressedbluePP1alsoregulatesfundamentalprocessesinplantcells;however,light-inducedstomatalopening.Additionoffusicoccin,anactiva-verylittleisknownaboutPP1functioninplants(16).toroftheplasmamembraneH؉-ATPase,tothesetransformedRecently,severalexperimentalapproachestoseparatetheguardcellsinducednormalstomatalopening,suggestingthatthefunctionsofthePP1andPP2Afamiliesinvivohavebeentransformationsdidnotaffectthebasicmechanismsforstomatalreported.Mutationalstudiesha
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