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TheBirthofScience=1\*GB3\*MERGEFORMAT①Beforetheeighteenthcentury,botanywasmerelyabranchofmedicine.Untilthen,mostlydoctorsandsurgeonsstudiedherbs.Attemptshadbeenmadebyotherstoclassifyplantspeciesintogroups,butthebreakthroughcamewiththeworkofCarlLinnaeus.ShowinghowplantswererelatedwasacomplexandstrangethingbeforeLinnaeusdevelopedhissystem.Theideatogiveeachspeciestwonameswasnotnew,butnameswerenottrulyfixedandaccepted.Somescientistsclassifiedplantsintoherbsandtrees,oraccordingtotheshapeofthefruit,orwhethertheyhadflowersornot.ButLinnaeus’sideaofgroupingplantsinfamilieswasunique.Inhissystemtheidentificationofdifferentspecieswasbasedonthearrangementofthemaleandfemaleorgansintheflowers.Asaresult,fruitssuchaspeachesandpearsareinfactrelated,althoughtheyaredifferentatfirstsight.=2\*GB3\*MERGEFORMAT②Linnaeus’systemsoonconqueredtheworld.In1759,Linnaeusstudent,DanielSolander,travelledtoEnglandtopromotethenewsystem.InLondon,SolanderdevelopedalifelongfriendshipwithJosephBanks,whowouldlateraskhimtojoinhisteamofbotanicalexplorersontheEndeavourin1768.=3\*GB3\*MERGEFORMAT③Bornintoalifeofprivilege,JosephBankswasthesonofawealthyfamily.Whenhisfatherdiedin1761,Bankswasonlyeighteenyearsold.Manyyoungmeninhispositionwouldleadacosylife,butyoungBankshadanappetiteforknowledge.Despitehiswealth,heworkedtomakeacareerinscience.Hemadeafirstjourneytostudywildplantsin1766.HisnextexpeditionwasthegreatvoyagewithJamesCooktoOceania.=4\*GB3\*MERGEFORMAT④In1768,theRoyalNavyappointedJamesCookasthecommanderoftheEndeavourtotakemembersoftheRoyalSocietyonanexpeditiontoTahiti.AccordingtotheinstructionsgiventoCaptainCook,theexpeditionhadthreegoals.TheprimarygoalwastostudythepassingoftheplanetVenusacrossthesun.thiswouldgiveastronomersachancetocalculatethedistancebetweentheearthandthesun.secondly,thepurposeoftheexpeditionwastorecord,classifyanddescribeallplantandanimallifeobservedduringthetrip.Thirdly,CaptainCookreceivedsecretinstructionstosearchforanunknownsoutherncontinent.=5\*GB3\*MERGEFORMAT⑤A
