FurtherdevelopmentMoreexamplesMoreexamples2.Euphemism2)ThePurposeofEuphemisms--allculturestypicallyusethemtotalkaboutthingstheyfindterrifying(e.g.,war,sickness,death)--weuseeuphemismstoexpresstaboos,aswefeel,onsomeinstinctuallevel,thattheeuphemismkeepsusatsafedistancefromthetabooitself.--Anotheruseofeuphemismsistoelevatethestatusofsomething(e.g.,usingeducatorforteacher,attorneyforlawyer);butingeneral,weuseeuphemismstoexpresswhatissociallydifficulttoexpressindirectterms.3)LatinateRootsofEuphemismsAgreatnumberofeuphemismsinEnglishcomefromwordswithLatinateroots.Farb(1974)writesthataftertheNormanConquestofEnglandin1066,“thecommunitybegantomakeadistinctionbetweenagenteelandanobscenevocabulary,betweentheLatinatewordsoftheupperclassandthelustyAnglo-Saxonofthelower.Thatiswhyaduchessperspiredandexpectoratedandmenstruated--whileakitchenmaidsweatedandspatandbled."(p.80)4)ShortGlossaryofWordsandTheirEuphemisms①backwardstudents---slowlearner(学习进步缓慢的人)/underachiever(成就较小的学生)onewhorequiredextraattention(精神要特别集中的人)specialstudents/differentstudents/studentswithlimitedabilitiesstudentswhohavedifficultiesinschool②mentaldefective(有智力缺陷的人)retardedstudents(智力迟钝的学生)–mentalchallengedstudent(智力方面遇到困难的学生)personwithlowerscholasticmentalcapabilitystudentsslightlybelowtheaverage③dropout(辍学者)----earlyschoolleaver④stupidornaïvestudentswhoaresubjectivetobecheatedonewhocan’tspell(inprimaryschool)oronewhoneveramountstoanybody⑤old---ageful;advancedinage(上了岁数);elderly;seniorcitizens;thelongerliving;seasonedman;homeforadults/theage(养老院)；anadultscommunity(老人区)⑥prostitute---girl;streetwalker;ladyofpleasure⑦thepoor---thedeprived;manofmodestmeans;thelesswelloff;low-incomegroup⑧therich---thelessdeprived;peopleofmeans;thewelloff