华慧教育专业▪权威▪轻松▪快乐www.c2cedu.com北师大2009年考博英语试题阅读及答案北师大的英语试题总体上感觉题量较大，阅读理解有7篇，而且文章的内容都不少，而听力、翻译和summary的难度基本和往年差不多。考完之后才知道，7篇阅读理解中间竟然有5、6篇来自北京大学的历年真题中，实在是太不可思议啦，看来在准备英语考试应该多做些各个高校的英语考博真题啊。我大概记得惩罚制度那个是01吸烟是05年祖父故事是07研究方法是06年/考博英语阅读理解试题一篇师大2009（北大2007年）PassageThreeForgatheringdataaboutindividualsorgroupsatdifferentdevelopmentallevels,researcherscanusetworelatedresearchdesigns:longitudinalandcross-sectional.,Alongitudinalstudyisonethatmeasuresabehaviororacharacteristicofanindividualoveraperiodoftime,perhapsdecades.AnexampleofsuchastudyistheBerkeleyGrowthStudybegunin1928byNancyBayley.Thestudyfocusedonagroupof74white,middle-classnewborns.Astheygrewolder,extensivemeasuresoftheirintellectual,personality,andmotordevelopmentwererecorded.Thesubjectswerestudiedformorethanthirtyyears.Thelongitudinalresearchdesignisapowerfultechniqueforseekingunderstandingsoftheeffectsofearlyexperiencesonlaterdevelopment.Also,differencesinorstabilityofbehaviorsorcharacteristicsatdifferentagescanbedetermined.Longitudinalstudies,however,areexpensivetoconduct,time-consuming,andheavilycontingentonthepatienceandpersistenceoftheresearchers.Thefindingsofalongitudinalstudymaybejeopardizedbyrelocationofsubjectstoanotherpartofthecountryandbyboredomorirritationatrepeatedtesting.Anotherdisadvantageisthatsocietychangesfromonetimetoanotherandthesubjectsparticipatinginthestudyreflecttosomedegreesuchchanges.Themethodsofstudyorthequestionsguidingtheresearchersmayalsochangefromonetimetoanother.Ifproperlyconducted,however,longitudinalstudiescanproduceuseful,directinformationaboutdevelopment.Across-sectionalstudyisoneinwhichsubjectsofdifferingagesareselectedandcomparedonaspecificbehaviororcharacteristic.Theyarealikewithrespecttosocioeconomicstatus,sex,oreducationallevel.Forexample,aresearchermaybeinterestedinlookingatchangesinintelligenceoverathirty-yearperiod.Threegroupsofsubjects,agesten,twenty,andthirty,maybeselectedandtested.Conclusionsaredrawnfromthetestdata."Thecross-sectionalr