Thesubjectofthiscourse:Languagesystem:Soundsystem,forphonology(音系学)Meaningsystem,forsemantics(语义学)Rulesystem,forgrammarstudyThiscoursestudiesthesyntacticrules.DifferentlevelsofformsinEnglish:（DiscourseText）SentenceClausePhraseWordMorphemeA）Morphemes(词素(císù))EnglishmorphemeFreemorphemeBoundmorpheme(自由词素(císù))(粘附词素(císù))e.g.manfriende.g.im--ytakeluck…pre--ess…(asroots,stems，词根、词干)(asaffixes，词缀)Affixes：（词缀的结构(jiégòu)分类）1prefix(前缀)：pre-war,antibody,impossible2suffix(后缀)：careful,farmer,nicely,homely3infix(中缀)：footfeet,statesman词缀的功能(gōngnéng)分类：一些词缀是句法性的(syntactic)，如：-ed标示动词的过去时，-s则标示名词的复数或动词第三人称单数等；它们被称为“Inflectionalaffix(屈折词缀)；其他如：-s-ed-est”另一些词缀则是语义性的(semantic)，例如：-er作为名词词尾，表示“onewho…”的含义；它们通常被称为“Derivationalaffix(派生词缀)”Next,let’slookmorecloselyatsomeexamplesofstems,affixationsandtheirrolesinformingEnglishwords.（Ihavepreparedalistofthestems,prefixesandsuffixesofEnglishwords,whichisinaWordfile.Ifyouareinterested,youcancopyitafterclass.）1）ExamplesofPrefixes:a-,an-/without,lacking,not/asymmetric,apolitical,asexual,anarchybi-/two/bicycle,bilateral,biped,bipolar,bivalence形式有差异，但意义相同(xiānɡtónɡ)的词缀：（词缀变体，由不同的语音导致的变化）：com-,con-,col-,cor-,co-/together,with/combine,compassion,concentriccircle,contractcollaborate,colleaguecorrespond,correlationcooperation,coworker形式相同，但意义不同(bùtónɡ)的词缀：im-,in-,il-,ir-/in,into,on/immigrant,import,income,illustration,irrigation(通常为名词、动词)im-,in-,il-,ir-/not/impossible,immature,ineffectual,illegal,irresponsible（通常为形容词）反义词缀：inter-/between/international,interpersonal,internet,intergroupintra-,intro-/within/intranet,intragroup,introduction,introspectionsub-/under/subject,submarine,subsonicsuper-/above,greater/supersonicsupermarket,superpower反义词缀：macro-/big/macrocomputer,macrocontrol,macroeconomymicro-/small/microcomputer,microcontrol,microeconomy同义(tó