SINCE THE FIRING OF THE FIRST BULLET IN 1983.doc
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SINCE THE FIRING OF THE FIRST BULLET IN 1983.doc

SINCETHEFIRINGOFTHEFIRSTBULLETIN1983.doc

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Sincethefiringofthefirstbulletin1983,there-appearanceofwarbetweenNorthernandSouthernSudanhasgenerallybeeninterpretedasatypicalethno-religiousconflictderivingfromdifferencesbetweenMuslimsandChristians,orArabsandAfricans.Whilethiscategorisationhadservedasadescriptionoftheearliermanifestationoftheconflictinthe1950s,andstillhassomebearingonhowthewarisbeingconductedandperceived,ouropinionisthatthenatureoftheconflicthaschanged.Conflictsareprocesses,notstaticevents,andoverthelastthreedecadesdevelopmentsintheSudanhavegraduallyifconsistentlychangedthenatureoftheconflictfrombeingaclassicethno-religiousconflicttoonemainlyoverresources,withtheeconomicandresourcecrisisintheNorthemergingasadrivingforceintheSudanesecivilwar.WhenthecolonialpowersintroducedtheirmarketeconomyinSudantowardstheendofthelastcentury,theysimultaneouslyrestricteditsdevelopmentandexpansionbyindigenousSudaneseinordertomaintainpoliticalandeconomiccontrol.Afterindependence,however,aSudanese`nationalbourgeoisie'begantoevolvefromaprimarilymercantilesocialclassnowostensiblyfreedfromcolonialcontrol.Therewere,nonetheless,severalstrongbarrierstothedevelopmentandprogressofamiddleclasswhoseEuropeanequivalentshadbroughtabouttheindustrialrevolution.InSudantheylackedthemajorprerequisitesforindustrialisation-namelycapital,technicalandscientificknow-howandmarkets-andsotheirfocusshiftedfrommanufacturingproductiontotheextractionofnaturalresources.Thecollapseofattemptsatindustrialisation-mainlysubstituteindustrialisation-ledtoexploitationofaccessiblenaturalresourcesinamannersothoughtlessandunscrupulousthatitsoonendangeredthepeasantandpastoralistsocietiesinNorthernSudan.Duringthe1960sand1970sSouthernSudanremainedrelativelyunscathed,asaresultofitsisolationduringcolonialruleandtheearliercivilwar,anditspoorlydevelopedtransportinfrastructure.Sincethe1970s,theworldtradesystemhasbeenundergoingastructuralcrisis,andtheeffortsoftherichcountriesoftheNorthtoovercomethiscrisishadnegativeimpactonthepoorercountriesoftheSouth,clearlymani