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ContextHenryJameswasborninNewYorkCityin1843andwasraisedinManhattan.James'sfather,aprominentintellectualandsocialtheorist,traveledagreatdealtoGeneva,Paris,andLondon,soHenryandhisbrother,William,accompaniedhimandvirtuallygrewupinthoselocationsaswell.Asachild,Jameswasshy,delicate,andhadadifficulttimemixingwithotherboys—hisbrother,whowasmuchmoreactive,calledhimasissy.WilliamJames,ofcourse,wentontobecomeagreatAmericanphilosopher,whileHenrybecameoneofthenation'spreeminentnovelists.TheJamesfamilymovedtoBostonwhenHenrywasateenager,andHenrybrieflyattendedHarvardLawSchool.Buthesoondroppedoutinordertoconcentrateonhiswriting.Hefoundsuccessearlyandoften:WilliamDeanHowells,theeditoroftheAtlanticMonthly,befriendedtheyoungwriter,andbyhismid-twentiesJameswasconsideredoneofthemostskilledwritersinAmerica.InnovelssuchasTheAmerican,TheEuropeans,andDaisyMiller,Jamesperfectedauniquebrandofpsychologicalrealism,takingashisprimarysubjectthesocialmaneuveringsoftheupperclasses,particularlythesituationofAmericanslivinginEurope.ForJames,Americarepresentedoptimismandinnocence,whileEuroperepresenteddecadenceandsocialsophistication;JameshimselfmovedtoEuropeearlyoninhisprofessionalcareerandwasnaturalizedasaBritishcitizenin1915toprotestAmerica'sfailuretoenterWorldWarI.Throughouthiscareer,Jamesearnedcriticismfortheslowpacinganduneventfulplottingofhisnovels,aswellasforhisellipticaltechnique,inwhichmanyofawork'simportantscenesarenotnarrated,butonlyimpliedbylaterscenes.ButasastylistJamesearnedconsistentadmiration;heisoftenconsideredtobea"writer'swriter,"andhisproseisremarkableforitseleganceofbalance,clarity,andprecision.Firstwritteninthe1880sandextensivelyrevisedin1908,ThePortraitofaLadyisoftenconsideredtobeJames'sgreatestachievement.Init,heexploredmanyofhismostcharacteristicthemes,includingtheconflictbetweenAmericanindividualismandEuropeansocialcustomandthesituationofAmericansinEurope.Italsoincludesmanyofhismostmemorablecharacters,includingtheladyofthenovel'stitle,IsabelArcher,theindomitableMrs.Touc
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