GrammarandusageVerb-ing&verb-edv-ing形式作定语Verb-ing短语Thebottlecontainingvinegarshouldbesenttothelaboratory.Theylivedinahousefacingsouth.某些情况下，定语不能用v-ing形式，必须用定语从句。v-ed形式作定语Verb-ed短语Wehavereadmanynovelswrittenbythisauthor.(=thatarewrittenbythisauthor)Themeeting,attendedby1,000students,wasasuccess.(=whichwasattendedby1,000students)v-ing&v-ed作定语的区别2．不及物动词-ing形式表示动词正在进行，而-ed形式表示动作已完成，并不带有被动的含义。fallingleaves正在飘落的叶子fallenleaves落叶anescapedprisoner=aprisonerwhohasescaped逃犯aretiredworker=aworkerwhohasretired退休工人V-ing形式作状语1表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。Havingmadefullpreparations,wearereadyfortheexamination.(=Afterwehavemadefullpreparations...)2表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。Beingill,hedidn'tgotoschoolyesterday.(=Sincehewasill...)3表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。Hisfatherdied,leavinghimalotofmoney.(=andlefthimalotofmoney.)4表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。Workinghardatyourlessons,youwillsucceed.=Ifyouworkhardatyourlessons...5表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。Knowingallthis,theymademepayforthedamage.=Althoughtheyknewallthis...6表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。Helayonthegrass,staringattheskyforalongtime.=...andstaredattheskyforalongtime动词-ed形式作状语和动词-ing形式作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。但其动作执行者与句子主语是被动一致。1动词-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。Seenfromthetower,thecitylooksbeautiful.=Whenthecityisseenfromthetower...有时动词-ed形式前可加连词when,while等来强调时间概念。Oncerecovered,hewentallouttodohiswork.4动词-ed形式作状语表示让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。Exhaustedbytherunning,theywentonrunningaftertherobber.(=Althoughtheywereexhaustedbytherunning...)为了使-ed形式表示的条件、动词让步意义更加明显，我们可以加上适当的连词。Evenifinvited,Iwon'tgo.Thoughbeatenbytheoppositeteam,theydidnotloseheart.Unlessinvited,hewillnotcomebacktothecompany.5动词-ed形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时，通常位于句子的后面，相当于一个并列分句。Theteacherstoodthere,surroundedbythestudents.(=andhewassurrounded…)Practice:DifferentformsandfunctionsDifferentformsandfunctionsFormsSummarySummaryHomeworkThankyou!