ChapterSixWhatisinsurance?Partiesinvolvedintheinsurance(教材，P114)MarineInsurance(教材，P115)LossesofSea(教材，P116)Lossesofsearefertothedamagesorlossesincurredbyperilsofsea.a.Totalloss（全部损失）1).Actualtotalloss（实际全损）Itreferstothecompletelossoftheinsuredcargoinvalue.2).Constructivetotalloss（推定全损）Constructivetotallossoccurswhenthecostofsalvagingthecargoplusthefollowingfreighttowarddestinationexceedtheinsuredvalueofthecargo.e.g.Anarrayofcargosufferedfireintransitand30%ofthecargoweretotallyburnt.Thecostofsalvagingandrearrangingtheremainingcargoplusthefollowingfreightafterthefirearegreaterthantheinsuredvalueofthecargo.Thistypeoflosscanberegardedasconstructivetotalloss.b.Partialloss（部分损失）1)Generalaverage（共同海损）Generalaveragereferstothelossesincurredinordertosavetheshiporprotectthecargowhentheyareconfrontedwithcommonperils.Andthesacrificecouldbeonthepartofeithershiporcargo,butshallbejointlyandproportionatelybornebyallthepartiesconcerned,thatis,bytheshipowner,thecargoowner,andcarrier,etc.accordingtothemarinelaw.Features:a.commonperilsaresupposedtoposeathreattoboththecargoandtheship.b.commonperilsaresupposedtobeunavoidableorrealisticnotbasedonassumption.c.Thesacrificeorsalvagingcostissupposedtobeinthecommoninterestsoftheship,cargoorcarrier,etc.d.Thesalvagingmeasurestakentosavetheshipandcargoaresupposedtobevoluntaryandreasonable.共同海损（GeneralAverage)是指在同一海上航程中，船舶、货物和其他财产遭遇共同危险，为了共同安全，有意地、合理地采取措施所直接造成的特殊牺牲、支付的特殊费用。构成共同海损，必须具备以下条件：第一，船方在采取措施时，当时必须确有危及船、货的共同安全的危险存在；第二，船方所采取的措施，必须是为了解除船、货的共同危险，有意识而且是合理的；第三，所作的牺牲或支出的费用必须是非常性质的，即为了保护船、货的共同利益而产生，并由各受益方分摊。AdjustmentofGeneralAverage（共同海损理算）a.York–AntwerpRules（《约克·安特卫普规则》）York–AntwerpRules(1974)York–AntwerpRules(1994)York–AntwerpRules(2004)Note:TherulesweredrawnupbyCommitteeMarineInternational(CMI,1897).(国际海事委员会)b.BeijingAdjustmentRules(1975)（《北京理算规则》）全称为《中国国际贸易促进委员会共同海损理算暂行规则》，于1975年1月1日公布实施。为中国国际贸易促进委员会(CCPIT)海损理算处办理共同海损理算的主要依据。与国际上普遍采用的《约克·安特卫普规则》相比，实质性内容基本相似，主要差异在于《北京理算规则》规定不对由于一方不能免责的过失引起的共同海损进行理算。ChinaCouncilfor