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NATURE.COMTocommentonline,clickonEditorialsat:go.nature.com/xhunqvThisincludesmostscientists,manyordinarycitizensandmillionsofpatientsandtheirfamiliestouchedbydiseaseandinjury.Thiscon-stituencymustmobilizeinthedefenceofhumanhealthifthegainsenabledbyfutureprimateresearch—and,ultimately,allanimalresearch—arenottobethrownaway.Scientistsandtheiralliesmust,ofcourse,continuetobeopenaboutthepriceanimalspayinresearch.Theymustopenlyacknowledge,immediatelycorrectanddoeverythingtheycantopreventlapsesinthecareoftheanimalsintheircharge.Atthesametime,scientistsmustmakeeveryefforttouseloweranimal,andnon-animal,modelswherepossible,asregulationsalreadyrequire.Andalongsideallofthat,theymustemphasizethetangibleandcompellingimprovementstohumanlifethatanimalresearchhasmadepossible.Considerstroke,whichaffectssome795,000peopleintheUnitedStatesaloneeachyear—1personevery40seconds—atacostinexcessofUS$40billion.Morethan1,000experimentaltreatmentsaimedatprotectingbrainscellsinacutestrokehavebeendevelopedincellsandrodents;nonehasbeeneffectiveinhumans.Soapossi-bleadvanceinapaperpublishedlastmonthissignificant(D.?J.?Cooket?al.Nature483,213–217;2012).Usingmacaques—animalswhoseneuroanatomy,geneticsandbehaviourarefarclosertohumansthanarethoseofrodents—thestudyshowedthatadrugcalledaPSD-95inhibitorreducedthevolumeofbraintissuekilledbythestrokeandsignificantlypreservedneurologicalfunction.Ithasnowmovedintohumantrials,whereearlyresultsarepromising.Manyotheradvanceshavebeenmadepossiblebyprimateresearch.Trialsofbrain–machineinterfacesthatallowquadriplegicstocontrolroboticlimbswiththeirminds,forexample,andofgenetherapyforhaemophilia?B.Anddeep-brainstimulationtoalleviatethesymptomsofadvancedParkinson’sdisease.Primateshavealsohelpedthedevel-opmentofantiviraltherapiestopreventmother-to-childtransmissionofHIV;ofRituxan(rituximab),akeydrugagainstnon-Hodgkin’slym-phoma;andofBenlysta(belimumab),thefirstnewlupustreatmentin50years.Primatesare
