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Let’sTalkaboutTradePolicyandTradeIssuesMD,whoelse?IPreliminaryKnowledge1TariffSpecificTariff(从量关税)Weight,quantity,volumeAdValoremTariff(从价关税)ApercentageofthepricepoundTariff(复合关税)Amixtureofspecifictariffandadvaloremtariff2Non-tariffQuotaLicense(进口许可证)Generallicenseandspecificlicense;usuallybinedwithquota,biddingCustomValuationTechnicalBarriersEnvironmentissuesGMO(GeneticallyModifiedOrganism,转基因生物)3VER&VIEVER(VoluntaryExportRestriction)VIE(VoluntaryImportExpansion)Aimingattradebalance,eitherdomesticorforeign、IIGATT&Agreements1HistoricalPerspectiveofWTOHavanaCharter(→GATT1947)Background:protectionismafterWWII,GreatDepression,needtoestablishITO(InternationalTradeOrganization);Thecharterismainlyabouttradeandmercialpolicies,employment,economicactivities,economicreconstruction,investment,restrictivebusinesspractice;Failedtomeetsomecountries’interest,butmuchcontentofmercialpolicysurvivedinGATT1947,provisionalratherthanlegal;MarrakeshAgreements(establishingWTO)TheimportanceofUruguayRoundonMarrakeshAgreementsandtheestablishmentofWTO;IncludingAgreementsabout[tradeinmodity,GATS,TRIPs],DSU(UnderstandingonRulesandProceduresGoverningtheSettlementofDisputes),TPRM,PTA(PlurilateralTradeAgreements);Enteredintoforceon1Jan、1995,128GATTsignatories;160memberssince26Jun、20142GATT1947BasicPrinciplesofWTONondiscrimination(MFN,NT),GraduationClauseTradeLiberalization(tariff,non-tariff,marketaccess)TransparenceFairpetitionMFNclause---ArticleIMost-Favored-NationTreatment(MFN):anyadvantage,favor,privilegeorimmunitygrantedbyanycontractingpartytoanyproductshallbeaccordedimmediatelyandunconditionallytothelikeproductofallothercontractingparties;Accordthebasicprinciples,nondiscrimination,promotetradeliberalizationasit’sMultilateral;Exceptions:GSP,FTA,Anti-dumping、safetyissues,etc、China’sbenefits:double-edgedsword;NationalTreatment---ArticleIIINationalTreatmentonInternalTaxationandRegulation:thecontractingpartiesshouldtreatimportedproductsanddomesticproduct
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