手工艺设计阶段有两个重要的特点：古埃及金字塔最成熟的代表是公元前27-26世纪建于开罗近郊的吉萨金字塔群,它由三座巨大的金字塔组成。它们都是精确的正方锥体,形式极其单纯,其中最大的一座是库富金字塔,高146.6m,底边长230.6m,是人类设计史上最辉煌的杰作之一.埃及家具几乎都带有兽形样的腿,而且前后腿的方向一致,这是古埃及家具与后来古希腊、罗马家具的一个重要区别。古希腊柱式不仅被广泛用于各种建筑物中,也被后人作为古典文化的象征,用于家具、室内装饰、日用产品之中,工业革命早期的一些机器甚至按希腊柱式作立柱。因此,了解“柱式”结构,这对于学习工业设计史是十分必要的。Renaissance-Arevivalorrebirthofculturalawarenessandlearningthattookplaceduringthefourteenthandfifteenthcenturies,particularlyinItaly,butalsoinGermanyandotherEuropeancountries.TheperiodwascharacterizedbyarenewedinterestinancientGreekandRomanartanddesignandincludedanemphasisonhumanbeings,theirenvironment,science,andphilosophy.文艺复兴时代，一反中世纪刻板的设计风格,追求具有人情味的曲线和优美的层次,并把眼光重新投向古代艺术,试图从希腊和罗马的古典艺术中吸取营养。Baroque-TheartstyleormovementoftheCounter-Reformationintheseventeenthcentury.AlthoughsomefeaturesappearinDutchart,theBaroquestylewaslimitedmainlytoCatholiccountries.Itisastyleinwhichpainters,sculptors,andarchitectssoughtemotion,movement,andvarietyintheirworks.巴洛克(Baroque)的原意是畸形的珍珠,专指珠宝表面的不平整感。后来被人们用来作为一种设计风格的代名词。其主要流行地区是意大利。LouisXIV'sdesiretoglorifyhisdignityandthemagnificenceofFrancehadbeenwellservedbythemonumentalandformalqualitiesofmostseventeenth-centuryFrenchart.Butmembersofthesucceedingcourtbegantodecoratetheireleganthomesinalighter,moredelicatemanner.Thisnewstylehasbeenknownsincethelastcenturyas"rococo,"fromtheFrenchword,rocaille,forrockandshellgardenornamentation.Firstemerginginthedecorativearts,therococoemphasizedpastelcolors,sinuouscurves,andpatternsbasedonflowers,vines,andshells.洛可可(Rococo)原意是指岩石和贝壳的意思,特指盛行于18世纪法国路易十五时代的一种艺术风格,主要体现于建筑的室内装饰和家具等设计领域。其基本特征是具有纤细、轻巧的妇女体态的造型,华丽和繁琐的装饰,在构图上有意强调不对称。装饰的题材有自然主义的倾向,最喜欢用的是千变万化地舒卷着、纠缠着的草叶,此外还有蚌壳、蔷薇和棕榈。洛可可式的色彩十分娇艳,如嫩绿、粉红、猩红等,线脚多用金色。Aestheticattitudesandprinciplesbasedontheculture,artandliteratureofancientGreeceandRome,andcharacterizedbyemphasisonform,simplicity,proportion,andrestrainedemotion.ClassicismandNeoclassicism,inthearts,historicaltraditionoraestheticattitudesbasedontheartofGreeceandRomeinantiquity.Inthecontextofthetradition,Class