SoftwareEstimationSoftwareCostEstimationin2002©CapersJonesSoftwareProductivityResearchInc.,ArtemisManagementSystemsThefirstautomatedsoftwarecostestimationtoolsweredevelopedindependentlybyresearchersinmajorcorporationsandmil-itarygroupsinthe1960s.Commercialsoftwarecostestimationtoolsbegantobemarketedinthe1970s.By2002,about50commercialsoftwarecostestimationtoolsweremarketedintheUnitedStatesandanother25inEurope.Althoughstan-dardprojectscannowbeestimatedwithfairlygoodaccuracy,therearealwaysnewtechnologiesthatrequireimprovementsinestimatingtools.esearchonsoftwarecostestimationricsandtheolderlines-of-code(LOC)However,therearestillsometopicsthatRstartedindependentlyinanumberofmetrics.arenotyetfullysupportedevenbystate-companiesandmilitaryorganizationsthat•Supportforspecializedmetricssuchasof-the-artsoftwareestimationtools.Somebuiltlargesoftwaresystems.Formalobject-orientedmetrics.ofthetopicsthatmayrequiremanualesti-researchintosoftwarecostestimation•Supportforbackfiringorconversionmationincludethefollowing:becamenecessarywhensoftwareapplica-betweenLOCandfunctionpoints.•Conversionandnationalizationcoststionsandsystemssoftwarebegantogo•Supportforsoftwarereusabilityofvar-forinternationalprojects.beyond100,000-sourcecodestatementsiniousartifacts.•Feesfortrademarkandcopyrightsize.Thissizeplateauwasreachedbysev-•Supportfortraditionallanguagessuchsearches.eralorganizationsinthe1960s.asCOBOLandFORTRAN.•Acquisitioncostsforcommercialoff-Themainissuethatledtoformal•Supportformodernlanguagessuchasthe-shelfpackages.researchprogramsforsoftwarecostesti-JavaandVisualBasic.•Deploymentcostsforenterprisemationwasthedifficultyencounteredin•Qualityandreliabilityestimation.resourceplanningapplications.completinglargesoftwareapplicationsonAdditionalfeaturesfoundinsomebut•Litigationexpensesforbreachofcon-timeandwithinbudget.Asecondaryissuenotallsoftwareestimationtoolsincludetractifaprojectislateoroverbudget.wasthefactthatwhendeployed,softwarethefollowing:Forordinarysoftw