ENGLISHGRAMMARChapterIIntroductoryRemarks1-1.WhatIsEnglishGrammar?EnglishgrammardealswiththestructuresandfunctionsofthewordsandsentencesoftheEnglishlanguage.1-2.MorphologyandSyntax（词法和句法）Englishgrammarisusuallydividedintotwoparts:MorphologyandSyntax.Inmorphologywestudypartsofspeech(词类),andtheirinflection(词形变化),thatis:1.numberandcaseofnounsandpronouns;2.tense,voice,mood,etc.ofverbs;3.thedegreeofcomparisonofadjectivesandadverb.Insyntax,westudy:1.Waysofcombiningwordsofdifferentclassesintosentences;2.Differenttypes&kindsofsentencesandtheirstructures,functions,meanings,etc.ThetwopartsofEnglishgrammar–morphologyandsyntax–arechargedwiththeirrespectivefunctions,buttheyarecloselyinterrelated.Whilestudyingwordsandtheirforms,weshouldconsiderhowtheyaretobeusedinthesentencesand,whilediscussingsentencestructures,weshouldconsiderwhatwordsandwhatformsaretobeemployed.1-3.ThePartsofSpeech(词类)Accordingtotheirmeanings,featuresandfunctions,Englishwordsareclassifiedintotenpartsofspeech（十大词类）:1.Noun(n.)2.Article(art.)3.Pronoun(pron.)4.Adjective(a./adj.)5.Numeral(num.)6.Verb(v.)7.Adverb(adv.)8.Preposition(prep.)9.Conjunction(conj.)10.Interjection(interj.)Nouns,pronouns,adjectives,numerals,verbsandadverbshavetheirindependentmeaningandalsotheirindependentpartstoplayinthesentence.Theyarecallednotionalwords.(实词).Articles,prepositions,conjunctionandinterjectionshavenoindependentmeaningoftheirownandplaynoindependentpartinthesentence.Theyarecalledformwords(虚词).Withonlyafewexceptions,everywordmustbelongtooneofthesetenclasses,butdonotthinkthatawordmustalwaysbelongtothesameclass.Agoodmanywordsbelongtomorethanoneclassandaccordinglyperformdifferentfunctionsindifferentsentences.Examinetheunderlinedwordsinthefollowingsentences:1).I’llshowyouroundthecity.(prep.)2).Roundyourlipswhenyouproducethesound.(v.)3).Theyareholdingaround-tableconference.(adj.)4).ShallIshowyouround?(adv.)5).Thatwasacontestdecidedbyasingleround.(n.)NOTE1.Besidesthetenpartsofspeechabove,therearestillafewpeculiarwords:“yes”isthewordofa