一级标题单独起页、TimesNewRoman三号、加粗、居中、下空小四一行一级标题标题上面小三TimesNewRoman空三行，单倍行距每段缩4~5个字母ChapterOneIntroduction正文小四、TimesNewRoman、1.5倍行距Thestudyofmetaphorhaslongbeenwithusandthefocusofthestudyisthemechanismofmetaphor.Itisthemostsignificantandindispensablepartofthestudy.Formorethantwothousandyears,thestudyiscarriedonmainlyfromtheperspectiveofrhetoric,viewingmetaphorasadeviceofrhetoric,anembellishmentoflanguage.TherepresentativeofthetheoriesinthislongperiodisAristotle’sComparisonTheoryandQuintilian’sTheoryofSubstitution.Becausemetaphorisnotonlyarhetoricalphenomenon,butalsooneofcognition,theinterpretationforceofthesetheoriesisverylimited.In1936,I.A.RichardsputforwardInteractionTheory.LaterMaxBlackmadeanelaborationoftheworkofhis.InteractionTheoryclaimsthatmetaphorisacognitivelyirreduciblephenomenonthatworksnotatthelevelofwordcombination,butmuchdeeper,arisingoutoftheinteractionbetweentheconceptualstructuresunderlyingthewords.ButtheoneswhoreallyturnthestudyofmetaphortoanewpageareGeorgeLakoffandMarkJohnson.ThemarkofthischangeisthepublicationofthebooknamedMetaphorsWeLiveBy.ThetheoryofLakoffandJohnson’sisConceptualMetaphorTheory.Asthesescholarsregardmetaphorasthecreationofsimilarity,theirtheoriesconcentrateonhowthesimilarityiscreatedandhowthenewmeaningisproducedthoughtheirinterpretationsarenotperfect.Recently,anothertheoryappeared—ConceptualIntegrationTheoryorBlendingTheory.Comparativelyspeaking,itismoreconvincingonthemechanismofmetaphorthantheothertwo.(以下省略，此部分字数不少于300字)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………一级标题单独起页、TimesNewRoman三号、加粗、居中、下空小四一行一级标题标题上面小三TimesNewRoman空三行，单倍行距二级标题、TimesNewRoman四号、顶格加粗、下不空行ChapterTwoAHistoricalRetrospectionofMetaphor2.1AristotelianSchool:Metaphor—ADeviceofRhetoricAndrewOrtony,oneofthemostinfluentialwritersonmetaphor,haspointedout,andtherearefewwhowoulddisagreewithhim,thatitisstillthecasethat“Anyseriousstudyofmetaphor