会计学FocalcoloursRosch’sfindings:Focalcoloursareperceptuallymoresalientthannon-focalcolours.•Focalcoloursaremoreaccuratelyrememberedinshort-termmemoryandmoreeasilyretainedinlong-termmemory.•Thenamesoffocalcoloursaremorerapidlyproducedincolour-namingtasksandareacquiredearlierbychildren.TheseresultsencouragedRoschtoextendthenotionoffociorprototypes,asshenowcalledthem–beyondcolourcategoriese.g.intothedomainsofshapes,organismsandobjects.Goodexamples,badexamplesandcategoryboundariesGoodexamples,badexamplesvagueentity(vagueness):Onetypeoftransitionzonearisesfromtheobservationthatsomeconcreteentitiesdonothaveclear-cutboundariesinreality–thisisthecasewithkneeandotherbodypartsFuzziness(fuzzycategoryboundaries)itisnottheboundariesofentitiesthatarevague,buttheboundariesofthesecognitivecategoriese.gchairmuseumLabov:cupandcup-likecontainersAttributesAttribute-missing:eg.birdsAttribute-deviant:thatiscategorymemberswhoseattributesdonotcomplywiththeexpectednorm.Mostofthese‘deviantcases’involveattributesrelatedtodimensions,suchas‘size’and‘weight’,‘length(oftail)’and‘thickness(oflegs)’.FamilyResemblancesWittgenstein:categoryGAMEAttributeListingandAttribute-basedTypicalRatingsConclusions:Prototypicalmembersofcognitivecategorieshavethelargestnumberofattributesincommonwithothermembersofthecategoryandthesmallestnumberofattributeswhichalsooccurwithmembersofneighbouringcategories.Inanotherword,prototypicalmembersaremaximallydistinctfromtheprototypicalmembersofothercategoriesintermsofattributes.Badexamplesshareonlyasmallnumberofattributeswithothermembersoftheircategoriesbuthaveseveralattributeswhichbelongtoothercategoriesaswell.(anexplanationoffuzzyboundaries)/Gestaltseveralotherexamples:chairs(leg,seatandback)birds(liveontrees;fly;pickwormsforfood)teddybear(liketherealbrownbear;soft;huggedbyachild)Conclusions:Gestaltperceptionplaysanimportantroleincategorizationandgoodnessratings,asessentialasattributes,familyresemblances,attribute-basedtypicalityratings.Th