Whethertheinterventionsaredeliveredinsequenceorconcurrently,whatarethetreatmentapproachesandinterventionsforconcurrentmoodandanxietydisordersandsubstanceabusethatarethemosthighlysupportedbyresearch?Recentreviews,summarizingalargenumberofwell-controlledtreatmentstudieshavefoundoverwhelmingevidencefortheeffectivenessofcognitive-behaviouraltherapy(CBT)foralcoholusedisorders,includingfollowingcomponents:ensuringclientchoice;treatingthecontextofsubstancemisuse;tailoringtotheperson’sstageandmotivationforchange;practicalproblem-solving;emphasisonaction;relianceonsocialsupports;resolvingambivalenceaboutchange;identifyingandmanagingcuestomisuse.Itisdifficulttodealwithanyoftheseissuesonitsown,however,whenbotharepresented,figuringoutthebestapproachtotreatmentcanbeconfusinganddifficult.Bothsubstanceabuseandmentalhealthproblemscanbechronic,recurring,andrequiringsomeimmediateinterventionsandongoingmonitoringandsupport.Mentalhealthsymptomsmaybeexacerbatedbysubstanceuse,orviceversa.Hencemornitoringbecomesveryimportant.Integrationofservicesisimprotantanditbecomesaboutcommunication,consistency,andcoordinationofallthevariousclinicians,attentiontotheperson’sbasicneeds,tailoringtheinterventionstothemotivationallevelor‘stage.Sofar,thereislittleevidenceinsupportofresidentialtreatmentoverintensiveoutpatientcare;Self-helpgroupssuchasAAandother12Stepprogramsseemtoplayacriticalroleincommunitymentalhealthandaddictionsystems.Substanceusedisordersandmoodandanxietyproblemsoftenexisttogether,however,thestrengthoftheassociationbetweenspecificanxiety-relateddiagnosesandsubstanceusedisordersvariesconsiderably.Phobicanxietydisordersand,inparticular,panicdisorderwithagoraphobiaandsocialphobia,appeartobemosthighlyassociatedwithalcoholusedisorders.Inaddition,theoverlapbetweenpost-traumaticstresssyndrome(PTSD)andsubstanceusedisordersisextremelyhighwithestimatesofco-occurrencerangingfrom12%-59%.Theprevalenceofpost-traumaticstresssyndromeamongstpeoplewithsubstanceusedisordersishigherforwomenthanm