ScopeofApplicationThisStandardappliestothestructuraldesignofsteelbuildings.TheStandard,however,neednotapplytostructuraldesignsbasedonspecialresearchstudies.StructuralSafetyVerificationTestsWhereadesignininvolvesconnectionandotherstructuraldetailsnotexpresslyprescribedinthisStandard,thestructuralsafe&ofsuchdetailsshallbeprovedbytestsorbyotherappropriatemeans.EnlargementofSectionSectionsofvariousstructuralelementsshallbeenlargedasrequired,withdueconsiderationforpracticallimitationinprecisionofstructuraldesigns,inadequacyinconstructionalworkmanship,andsuchadversefactorsasrusting,corrosionandwearofsteelmaterials.NomenclatureAGrosssectionalarea;nominalbodyareaofahigh-strengthbolt;orsumofsectionalareasofcolumncomponents(mm2)ANNetsection(mm2)AdSectionalareaoflacingelement;ortotalsectionalareaofapairoflacingelementsinthecaseofdoublelacing(mm2)AfCross-sectionalareaofcompressionflange;orcross-sectionalareaofeitherflange(mm2)ApSectionalareaofpartsincontact(mm2)AsCross-sectionalareaofverticalorhorizontalstiffeners(mm2)AwCross-sectionalareaofwebplate(mm2)aEquivalentarealossduetorivet,boltorhigh-strengthboltholes(mm2);orspacingofintermediatestiffeners(mm)a0Netarealossduetorivet,boltorhigh-strengthboltholes(mm2)bWidthofcompressionelementfreeatoneedgeandfixedattheother;widthofrockerorroller;orlongitudinalspacingorpitchofconsecutiveholes(mm)BendingcoefficientdependentuponmomentgradientDNominaloutsidediameterofsteelpipe;oroutsidediameterofmainsteelpipe(mm)dWidthofelementstiffenedalongtwoedges;outsidediameterofbranchpipe;widthofwebplate;ordiameterofpin(mm)d1Minimumwidthoftheportionofwebplatedividesbyverticalorhorizontalstiffener(mm)EModulusofelasticity(N/mm2)eDistancebetweenaxesofgravityofcomponents(mm)FBasicvalueusedindeterminingallowablestresses(N/mm2)(N/mm2)fAllowablestressinmemberssubjecttorepeatedstressvariation(N/mm2)fbAllowablebendingstress(N/mm2)fb1Allowablebendingstressinbearingplatesandsimilarelementssubjecttoout-of-planebending(N/mm2)