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1、翻译得定义1、罗曼•雅克布逊RomanJacobson:translationisaninterpretationofverbalsignsbymeansofsomeotherlanguage、2、奈达(美国)Nida:translatingconsistinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestequivalentofthesource-languagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle、2、翻译得类型1、译原文作者为中心得翻译:author-centeredtranslation;以译文读者为中心得翻译:reader-centeredtranslation;2、提出者:罗曼·雅克布逊romanJacobson:语内翻译intralingualtranslation、语际翻译interlingualtranslation、符际翻译intersemiotictranslation3、翻译元素:翻译过程:translating译作Atranslation译者translator4、西方得一些观点:1、泰勒tytler:thetranslationshouldgiveapletetranscriptoftheideaoftheoriginalwork;thestyleandmannershouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginal;thetranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoforiginalposition、2、befaithfultoitsspirit,sense,andstyle;3、语义翻译semantictranslation:纽马克newmark(英国)成名作《翻译研究途径》(ApproachestoTranslation,1981)中所提出得“语义翻译”与“交际翻译”之说在翻译教学与翻译研究界几乎人人皆知,至今仍有其理论价值与实践价值。她得另一本代表作《翻译教科书》(ATextbookofTranslation,1988)成了世界各地许多大学得翻译教材或参考书籍。虽然她后来得几本书如《关于翻译》(AboutTranslation)《翻译研究散论》(ParagraphsonTranslation)等未能引起较大得反响,但就是这并不影响她在英国翻译界得地位。AfaithfultranslationattemptstoreproducetheprecisecontextualmeaningoftheoriginalwithintheconstraintsoftheTLgrammaticalstructures、Semantictranslation:Itdiffersfrom“faithfultranslation”onlyinasfarasitmusttakemoreaccountoftheaestheticvalueoftheSLtext、municativetranslation:DefinedbyNewmarkasoneoftwomodesoftranslation(seealsoSEMANTICTRANSLATION),inwhich“thetranslatorattemptstoproducethesameeffectontheTLreadersaswasproducedbytheoriginalontheSLreaders”(1981/1988:22)、Thismeansthatinmunicativetranslationtheemphasisshouldbeonconveyingthemessageoftheoriginalinaformwhichconformstothelinguistic,culturalandpragmaticconventionsofTLratherthanmirroringtheactualwordsofSTascloselyasispossiblewithoutinfringingtheTLnorms、Whenproducingamunicativetranslation,thetranslatorispermittedgreaterfreedomtointerpretSTandwillconsequentlysmoothoverirregularitiesofstyle,removeambiguitiesandevencorrecttheauthor’sfactualerrors,andindoingsowilllimittheseman