基因敲除模式小鼠的饲养与交配Whatareweusuallyusing?Painforlaboratorymicerevealedin'human'facialexpressionsGeneticallyEngineeredMouseModelsResourceGiftTransgenicKnockoutMadebyyourownKnockinMadebyBiocytogenGeneralprinciplesforbreedingFundamentalsofMouseReproductionSexualmaturity:6~8weeksReproductivelifespan:7~8monthsFertilityGestation:18~21daysGenerationtime:12weeksLittersize:2~12pups/litterWeaningage:18~28daysBreedingPerformanceFactorsHybridvigor---more,larger,andhealthierlittersthaninbredstrains.Strain-specificbehaviors---AggressivebehaviorsorpoormothersMutationsandtransgeneeffects---Embryoniclethal,orinfertilityorreducedfertilityOptimizingBreedingPerformanceReplacebreedersregularlyReplacenon-productivebreeders~60daysMatemiceearlyUseexperiencedmalesKeepaccuratebreedingrecordsOptimizingBreedingPerformanceLitterfosteringDeterminingpregnancyMatingnumerousfemalessimultaneouslyManagingSmallColoniesMaintainaminimumofsixbreedingpairsKeeptheagerangeofyourbreedersbetweentwoandeightmonthsoldRetaintwogenerationsofastrain,anddonoteliminateoneuntilthenextoneisproducingMonitorbreedingperformancecloselyConsidercryopreservingastrainBreedingSchemesChoosingaBreedingSchemeWhatgenotypesdoIneed?mostefficientwaytoproducethem?Willappropriatecontrolsbeavailable?geneticbackgroundHowaregenotypesidentified?phenotype?molecularassay(e.g.PCR)?WhataboutLinkage?X-linkedormultiplegenes?Reproductiveissues(sterility)Phenotypeissues(lethality)SimpleBreedingSchemes+/-+/+HeterozygousWildtype+/-+/++/-HeterozygousWildtype50%50%wildtypeKnockoutSimpleBreedingSchemes+/-+/-HeterozygousHeterozygous-/-+/-+/+HomozygousHeterozygousWildtype25%50%25%SimpleBreedingSchemes+/--/-HeterozygousHomozygous+/--/-HeterozygousHomozygous50%50%BackcrossingbreedingN1N#=backcrossgenerationnumberF#=brotherXsistergenerationnumberComplexBreedingSchemesTransgenicmiceTransgenicmice•Foundermice: