II.Participle1.SimpleparticipleFunctions:(1)AttributeNote:Generally,thesingleparticipleisinfrontoftheworditmodifies,whiletheparticiplephraseisaftertheworditmodifies.●Windismovingair.风是运动的空气。●Fig.6isaphotographofafreelyfallingbody.图6显示了一个自由落体的照片。Note1:Sometimes,asingleparticiplemayactasapost-modifier(mostforstressoftheaction)e.g.●thevoltageapplied—外加电源●thecurrentflowing—流动的电流●theforceacting—作用的力Note2:Someattributesofparticiplesarenottranslatedasattributes,butintheorderoftheirpositioninaclause.●Voltageisequaltocurrentmultipliedbyresistance.电压等于电流乘以电阻。●Speedisequaltodistancedividedbytime.速度等于距离除以时间。●Anincreasedbandwidthwillalsocontainadditionalnoise.增加带宽，也会增加噪声。(2)Adverbiala.Beforethesubject,itfunctionsascondition,time,reason,concessionorfurtherexplanationofthesubject.●Oftencalledachainhoist（链式起重机）,thisdeviceisusedtoliftheavyobjectsinfactories.这种设备通常称为链式起重机，在工厂用它来提起重物。b.Betweenthesubjectandthepredicate●Heat,beingenergy,canbemeasuredinfoot-poundsorjoulesorergs.由于热是能量，所以可以用英尺-磅或用焦耳或尔格来度量。c.Attheendofasentence,itfunctionsasfurtherstatement,result,condition,manner,orreason●Silveristhebestconductor,followedbycopper.银是最好的导体，其次是铜。(3)Predicative●Thesurfaceofthewaterbecomescoveredwithwaves.水的表面布满水波。●Theironbarhasbecomemagnetized.这个铁棒已经磁化。(4)Complement●Thedriver’sobjectistokeeptheautomobiletravellinginthecenterofachosenlaneontheroad.司机的目标是使汽车保持行驶在道路上所选车道的中央。●Thismachinehasitsprogramstoredinthecomputer’smemory.该机器把它的程序存储在计算机的存储器里。2.AbsolutestructureofaparticipleStructure:n.(pron.)(functionsasalogicalsubject)+participle/participlephraseFunction:adverbial(1)Beforethemainclause●This(havingbeen)done,thefunctionbecomesmuchsimpler.这样处理了以后，该函数变得简单多了。(2)Attheendoftheclause●Thereareseveralbasiclawsgoverningtheseinteractions,allofthemdiscoveredinthe19thcentury.支配这些相互作用的基本定律有几个，它们都发现于19世纪。3.“with”construction●Youmayanswermyquestionswithyourbooksopen.●Whoisthepersonwithglasseson?●LetusdrawacircleofradiusR,withtheoriginasitscenter.(1)Formation:wi