Part II Intro -- Norton August.pdf
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Part II Intro -- Norton August.pdf

PartIIIntro--NortonAugust.pdf

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PARTIIFAIRNESSANDINEQUALITYFinaldraft,August2009ThenextsixchaptersexploretheproblemoffairnessandinequalityinAmericansociety.Inequalityiscentraltomoralconcernsinthinkingaboutsocialinstitutions.Nearlyeveryonethinksthatcertainkindsofinequalityareunfair.IncontemporaryAmericansociety,forexample,fewpeoplewoulddefendinequalitiesinlegalrightsbasedonraceorgenderorreligion.Thereareotherkindsofinequalitiesthatmostpeoplefeelarejustfactsoflifeandarenotofanygeneralmoralconcern.Therearegreatinequalitiesinphysicalstrengthamongpeople,andwhilethismaymatterinsomecontexts,fewpeopleseethisinequalityinandofitselfasmorallytroubling.And,ofcourse,thereareinequalitieswhosemoralstandingisdeeplycontested.Considerthefollowing:•In2007theaverageCEOintheUnitedStatesearnedabout340timestheaveragenonmanagerialemployee.•Whilewomenmakeupnearly45%ofthelaborforce,onlyabout3%oftheChiefExecutiveOfficersofthelargestU.S.corporationsarewomen.•YoungAfrican-Americanmenare7.5timesmorelikelytobeinprisonthanwhitemenofthesameage.•RoughlyoneoutoffivechildrenintheUnitedStatesliveinpoverty.•Theprobabilityofthesonofamanualworkerbecomingprofessionalis?%thatofthesonofaprofessional.Tovaryingdegrees,theclaimthateachoftheseisanexampleofanunjustinequalityiscontested.Thesedisagreementsarelinkedtodisagreementsovertheunderlyingexplanationofthespecificinequality:iftheexplanationforwhywomenarelessrepresentedamongtopmanagersissimplythattheyfreelychooseotherkindsofcareerpaths,thenmanypeoplewouldconcludethatthereisnothingunfairabouttheinequalityofoutcomes;ifyoungAfrican-Americanmencommitsixtimesmorecrimesthanyoungwhitemen,thentheirdisproportionateimprisonmentmightnotbeviewedasreflectinganinjustice;ifthechildrenofmanualworkersarelessacademicallytalentedormotivated,thenmanypeoplewouldfeelthatthereisnothingunfairintheirhavingalowerchanceofbecomingaprofessional.Butthecontestedqualityofjudgmentsaboutthefairnessofinequalitymayalsodependuponunderlyingphilosophicalviewsaboutwhatmakesaninequalityfairorunfai