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Unit1MenAreDifferentfromWomeninManyWaysTraditionally,menandwomenwereseenasoppositepolesofamagnet.Menwerestrong,womenwereweak;menwerethebreadwinners,womenwerethehomemakers;menwererational,womenwereemotional.Inaccordancewiththesebeliefs,themenfilledtheleadershippositionsinsociety,aswellasthemajorityofpositionsthatrequiredcourage,clear-thinkingandintellect.Womentookonthenurturing,caringorsupportivejobssuchasnurse,teacher,assistant.However,modernsocietyhasgreatlychallengedtheseperceiveddifferencesbetweenmenandwomenThesedaysgenderrolesarebecominglessclear.Womenaremovingintothemale-dominatedoccupationsandprovingthattheycanbeequallysuccessfulinthesefields.Moreover,somemenaretakingonthehomemakerroleandfindingthatitsuitsthem.Insomecultures,forexampletheNaxicultureofsouthwesternChina,thewomenhavealwaysbeentheheadofthehouseholdandresponsibleforbothworkandfinance.So,aremenandwomenreallyallthatdifferent?Fromthechangingperspectivestowardsthisquestion,itwouldseemthatsocializationplaysalargeroleindefiningmasculinityandfemininityinanygiventimeperiodandinanygivenculture.Inotherwords,perhapsmenandwomenarenotthatdifferentafterall.Unit2Cultureplaysanimportantroleinbusiness.Indifferentculturestherearedifferentideasaboutwhenmeetingsshouldbescheduled,howmuchnoticeshouldbegiven,Wherepeopleshouldbeseatedandhowthenegotiationsshouldbeproceed.Duringthenegotiationstherearealsovastculturaldifferencesinwhatisconsideredappropriatelanguage,communicationstyleandbodylanguage.Forexample,someculturevalueeyecontact,othersdonot.Someculturesuse'yes'asanacknowledgementofwhatthepersonhassaid,otheruse'yes'onlyforagreement.Socialconventionsofgreeting,dressing,eatingandentertainingalsovaryconsiderablyamongstculturesandtheseareimportanttolearnsincealotofbusinesstakesplacewhilehavingdinnerorenjoyingdrinkstogether.Ifabusinessmanattemptsacross-culturalbusinesspartnershipwithoutanadequateawarenessofhisassociate'sculture,heislikelytoencountermisunderstandingandmayevencauseoffence.Thiswilldamageandmayevenendth
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