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TextbookSEISMICDESIGN•SeismicDesignofBuildingStructures(EditedbyXilinLu,etc.),inPDFVersion.ofBUILDINGSTRUCTURES•建筑结构抗震设计理论与实例吕西林,周德源,李思明,陈以一,陆浩亮编著同济大学出版社,2002年8月第2版12CHAPTER1EARTHQUAKESANDGROUNDMOTIONCHAPTER1EARTHQUAKESANDGROUNDMOTION1.1CausesofEarthquakes•EarthquakesCausesEarthquakesmayresultsfromanumberofCHAPTER1naturalandhuman-inducedphenomena.•IncludeEARTHQUAKESANDGROUNDmeteoricimpactMOTIONvolcanicactivityundergroundnuclearexplosionPlateMoving34CHAPTER1EARTHQUAKESANDGROUNDMOTIONCHAPTER1EARTHQUAKESANDGROUNDMOTION1.1.1TectonicEarthquakesplatetectonics•Collisionsbetweenadjacentlithosphericplates,•ThebasicideaisthattheEarth’soutermost•destructionoftheslab-likeplate,partcalledlithosphereconsistsofseveral•spreadingalongmid-oceanicridgeslargeandfairlystablerockslabscalledproducesignificantstrainingandplates.fracturingofcrustalrocks.•Theearthquakesinthesetectonicallyactive•MovingplatesoftheEarth’ssurfaceprovideboundaryregionsarecalledplate-edgemechanismsforagreatdealofseismicearthquakes.activityoftheword.56CHAPTER1EARTHQUAKESANDGROUNDMOTIONCHAPTER1EARTHQUAKESANDGROUNDMOTION1Fig.1.1Tectonicplateandworld-widedistributionofearthquakesFig.1.2ContinueddriftoftheIndianplatetowardsAsianplatecausesmajorHimalayanearthquakes78CHAPTER1EARTHQUAKESANDGROUNDMOTIONCHAPTER1EARTHQUAKESANDGROUNDMOTION•Earthquakesareproducedby–slipalongfaultsconnectingtheendsofoffsetsinthespreadingoceanicridges–theendsofislandarcsorarc-ridgechains.Intheseregions,platesslidpasteachotheralongwhatarecalledtransformfaults(变形Fig.1.3断层).Sketchoftheearth’scrust–plate-tectonictheory910CHAPTER1EARTHQUAKESANDGROUNDMOTIONCHAPTER1EARTHQUAKESANDGROUNDMOTION1.1.2Explosion-inducedearthquakes1.1.3VolcanicEarthquakes•Groundshakingmaybeproducedbytheundergrounddetonationofchemicalsornuclear•Volcanoesandearthquakesoftenoccurdevices.togetheralongthemarginsofplatesaroundtheworld.•Undergroundnuclearexplosionsfiredduringthepastseveraldecadesatanumb
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