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小说的要素英文ElementsoffictionClassificationoffiction:novel,novelette,shortstory.Shortshortstory.TheElementsInclude:PLOTPlotmayhavethreeparts:RisingActionClimaxFallingActionorRESOLUTION大家应该也有点累了，稍作休息CharacterAheroorheroine,oftencalledthePROTAGONIST,isthecentralcharacterwhoengagesthereader’sinterestandempathy（同感，共鸣）.Astaticcharacterdoesnotchangethroughoutthework,andthereader’sknowledgeofthatcharacterdoesnotgrow,whereasadynamiccharacterundergoessomekindofchangebecauseoftheactionintheplot.Aflatcharacterembodiesoneortwoqualities,ideas,ortraitsthatcanbereadilydescribedinabriefsummary.Theyarenotpsychologicallycomplexcharactersandthereforearereadilyaccessibletoreaders.Someflatcharactersarerecognizedasstockcharacters;theyembodystereotypessuchasthe“dumbblonde”orthe“meanstepfather.”Theybecometypesratherthanindividuals.Roundcharactersaremorecomplexthanflatorstockcharacters,andoftendisplaytheinconsistenciesandinternalconflictsfoundinmostrealpeople.Theyaremorefullydeveloped,andthereforearehardertosummarize.JourneytotheWestCharacterizationistheprocessbywhichawritermakesthecharacterseemrealtothereader.MethodsofCharacterization:1.Direct:“hewasanoldman..”(TheOldManandtheSea)2.OwnWordsandActions3.ReactionofotherCharacters4.Physicalappearance5.OwnthoughtsSettingPointofViewPointofViewissimplywhoistellingthestory.SymbolismTypesofSymbolsThemeIronyVerbalirony（词义反讽）isafigureofspeechthatoccurswhenapersonsaysonethingbutmeanstheopposite.Sarcasmisastrongformofverbalironythatiscalculatedtohurtsomeonethrough,forexample,falsepraise.Tragicironyisaformofdramaticironyfoundintragedies.Situationalirony（情景反讽）existswhenthereisanincongruitybetweenwhatisexpectedtohappenandwhatactuallyhappensduetoforcesbeyondhumancomprehensionorcontrol.Cosmicirony（宇宙反讽）occurswhenawriterusesGod,destiny,orfatetodashthehopesandexpectationsofacharacterorofhumankindingeneral.Incosmicirony,adiscrepancy（矛盾）existsbetweenwhatacharacteraspirestoandwhatuniversalforcesprovide.ToneStyle
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