小说的要素英文ElementsoffictionClassificationoffiction:novel,novelette,shortstory、Shortshortstory、TheElementsInclude:PLOTPlotmayhavethreeparts:RisingActionClimaxFallingActionorRESOLUTIONCharacterAheroorheroine,oftencalledthePROTAGONIST,isthecentralcharacterwhoengagesthereader’sinterestandempathy(同感,共鸣)、Astaticcharacterdoesnotchangethroughoutthework,andthereader’sknowledgeofthatcharacterdoesnotgrow,whereasadynamiccharacterundergoessomekindofchangebecauseoftheactionintheplot、Aflatcharacterembodiesoneortwoqualities,ideas,ortraitsthatcanbereadilydescribedinabriefsummary、Theyarenotpsychologicallyplexcharactersandthereforearereadilyaccessibletoreaders、大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流Someflatcharactersarerecognizedasstockcharacters;theyembodystereotypessuchasthe“dumbblonde”orthe“meanstepfather、”Theybeetypesratherthanindividuals、Roundcharactersaremoreplexthanflatorstockcharacters,andoftendisplaytheinconsistenciesandinternalconflictsfoundinmostrealpeople、Theyaremorefullydeveloped,andthereforearehardertosummarize、JourneytotheWestCharacterizationistheprocessbywhichawritermakesthecharacterseemrealtothereader、MethodsofCharacterization:1、Direct:“hewasanoldman、、”(TheOldManandtheSea)2、OwnWordsandActions3、ReactionofotherCharacters4、Physicalappearance5、OwnthoughtsSettingPointofViewPointofViewissimplywhoistellingthestory、SymbolismTypesofSymbolsThemeIronyVerbalirony(词义反讽)isafigureofspeechthatoccurswhenapersonsaysonethingbutmeanstheopposite、Sarcasmisastrongformofverbalironythatiscalculatedtohurtsomeonethrough,forexample,falsepraise、Tragicironyisaformofdramaticironyfoundintragedies、Situationalirony(情景反讽)existswhenthereisanincongruitybetweenwhatisexpectedtohappenandwhatactuallyhappensduetoforcesbeyondhumanprehensionorcontrol、Cosmicirony(宇宙反讽)occurswhenawriterusesGod,destiny,orfatetodashthehopesandexpectationsofacharacterorofhumankindingeneral、Incosmicirony,adiscrepancy(矛盾)existsbetweenwhatacharacteraspirestoandwhatuniversalforcesprovide、Tone