Chapter1CultureandMultinationalManagementTechnicalTermsCulturalnorms文化规范Culturalvalues文化价值观Culturalbeliefs文化信仰Culturalsymbols文化象征Culturalstories文化传说Nationalculture国家文化Businessculture商业文化Organizationalculture组织文化Occupationalculture职业文化Corporateculture企业文化FamilyCulture家族式文化EiffelTowerCulture埃菲尔铁塔式文化GuidedMissileCulture导弹式文化IncubatorCulture孵化器式文化ManifestCulture显性文化Basicassumptions基本假设Individualism个人主义Collectivism集体主义Powerdistance权力差距Uncertaintyavoidance不确定性规避Masculinity男性度Femininity女性度Long-termorientation长期取向Universalism通用主义Particularism特定主义Neutralrelationships中性化关系Affectiverelationships情感化关系Specificrelationships特质性关系Diffuserelationships扩散性关系Achievement成就取向Ascription因袭取向Past-oriented过去取向Present-oriented现在取向Future-oriented未来取向Sequential单向（时间观念）Synchronic多向（时间观念）Internal-orientedculture内控文化External-orientedculture外控文化Culturalstereotyping文化陈规（刻板）Ethnocentrism民族中心主义Culturalrelativism文化相对主义NotesGeertHofstede:Adutchresearcher,whointroducedthefirstmodelofnationalculture.FonsTrompenaars:ADutcheconomistandconsultant,whodevelopedasevendimensionculturalmodel.DiscussionQuestionsWhatisCross-culturalManagement?Define“globalization”asusedinstrategicinternationalmanagement.Whatisculture?Whyshouldmultinationalmanagerslearnasmuchastheycanabouttheimportantculturalnorms,valuesandbeliefsofthesocietiesinwhichtheywork?Listthecharacteristicsofculture.Drawaculturalmapandanalyzetheculture’sthreelevels.Definecategoriesofcultureanddiscusstheinterrelationshipsamongthem.InwhichofthefourorganizationalcultureswouldmostpeopleintheUnitedStatesfeelcomfortable?InwhichwouldmostJapanesefeelcomfortable?Basedonyouranswers,whatconclusionscouldyoudrawregardingtheimportanceofunderstandingorganizationalcultureforinternationalmanagement?Listsomebooksandtheoriesoncorporateculture.UsingHofstede’sdimensionsofculturalvalues,contrastChineseculturewithAmericanculture.Whatpotentialproblemswouldpeoplefromthesetwocultureshaveindongbusinesswitheachother?Co