PetroleumScienceinEnglishChapterSixPetroleumProductionProductionmaybeconsideredasthatsectionoftheoilindustryconcernedwithconveying（传送）hydrocarbons（烃）fromthereservoir（油藏）tosurface,andtheseparation（分离）ofoil,gas,water,andsolidstotheextentnecessarytoprovideasaleableprimaryproduct（初级产品）suchascrudeoil,NGL(naturalgasliquids),andgas.Producingoilisanintricate（复杂的）art.Oilcanbepumpedoutofthespongerock（海绵状岩体）atacertainmaximum（最大的）rate,determinedbytheviscosity（粘稠度）oftheoilandthequality（质量）ofthereservoir.Oilproductionmustbemanagedcarefullytoavoidclogging（堵塞）orcollapsing（跨塌）thepores（孔隙）,whichcanpreventawellfromaccessing（获取）muchofthereservoir.Pumpingtoofast,pumpingtooslowlyorinterrupting（间歇式的）productioncanalldamageanoilfield.Andnotonlyonebutmanywellsmustbedrilledtofullyexploit（开发）thereservoir,raisingtheexpense（费用）ofproduction.Drillingcurved（斜的）andhorizontal（水平的）wellsintoreservoirsisacommontechniquetoincreaseproduction.Anothertechniqueinvolvesfracturing（压裂）thereservoirrockbypumpingfluidsandsandintoitunderhighpressure.Thefluidsopencracks（裂隙）,andthesandkeepsthemopentoletoutthepetroleum.Thiscanovercomelowpermeability（渗透率）.Treatingthewellbore（井筒）withvariousacids（酸）orsolvents（溶剂）canalsoraisepermeability.Thistechniqueiscalledacidizing（酸化）.Oneofthemostcommonlyusesmethodsoffracturingishydraulicfracturing（水力压裂）.Hydraulicfracturingmaybedefinedastheprocessofcreatingafacture（裂缝）orfracturesystem（裂缝系统）inaporousmedium（孔隙介质）byinjectingafluidunderpressurethroughawellboreinordertoovercomenativestresses（天然压力）andtocausematerialfailure（岩石破裂）oftheporousmedium（孔隙介质）.Brieflyitisthecreation（形成）andpreservation（保持）ofafractureinareservoirrock（储集岩）.Tofractureareservoirrock,energymustbegeneratedbyinjectingafluiddownawellandintotheformation（地层）.ReservoirProductionMechanisms（机理）Theproductionmechanismswhichowetheirexistencetothesesourcesofenergyarereferredtoas“waterdrive”（水驱）,“solutiongasdrive”(or“depletiondrive”)（溶解气驱）,and“gascapdrive”（气顶驱）respectively.Thenaturaldrainageoftheoilthroughthereservoirrockunderi