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第二章旅游的产生与发展HistoricalBackgroundAshasbeenpointedoutbymanyauthors,thehistoriesoftravelandcivilizationareparallel.Earlymankeptonthemovefromonepasturetoanother.Tradeandpleasuretravelhavebeenintertwinedforcenturies.Earlytravelerswereexplorer-traders,suchasMarcoPolo,whosoughtnewfunctionsandsocietiesoutofcuriosityandyethadincreasedtrademotivations.Pilgrimagestoreligiousmeccas,resortingaroundtheMediterranean,andparticipationinthespaswerepopularinGreekandRomantimes.ThelowestpointintouristtravelcamewiththeearlyMiddleAgesbecauseoffeudalismandthestringentnecessityofworkforsurvival.Religiousvalueswerecoupledwithprohibitionsagainstrecreationaltravel.Beforemodernscienceandtechnologyidentifiedmanycausesofdisease,thecurativepowersofseawaterandspringwaterscontainingmanymineralsbecamepopularhealthobjectives.Theseattractionssparkedfashionableresortstheworldover.Inthe17thcentury,intheheydayofBritishhistory,noyoungmanwasthoroughlyeducatedunlesshehadexperiencedthearts,architecture,womenandfoodsontheGrandTour.Thetripwasmetwithmanyrisksfrombanditsandbadfood,butitusuallyincludedvisitstotheseatsofgovernmentofFrance,Italy,Switzerland,andGermany.Theprioritygiventravelthroughouthistoryisevidentnomatterthemodeoftransportation.First,hikingandhorsebackriding,followedbystagecoachtravel,provedthatthedesirewasthere.Majortechnologicaladvances,suchasthetrainandsteamboat,gavenewimpetustotravel,especiallybythewealthierclasses.Travelexplodedwiththeautomobile,notbecauseofroadsbutbecauseitopenedupnewmarkets.Forthefirsttime,apersonalizedformoftransportationbecameavailabletothemiddleandlowerclasses.Workingmenandworkingwomen――factoryoperatives,plumbers,waitresses,bankclerks,farmhands,stenographers,storekeepers,subwayguards,millhands,garmentworkers,officeboys,truckdrivers―foundcountlesspleasuresandamusementreadilyavailablethathadoncebeenrestrictedtotheprivilegedfew.Whereastherecreationaltouristtriprepresentedthefirstsurgeofautomobileuse,salesandotherbusinesspeoplebegantopopularizetheflexibilityofautomobilebusine
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