（一）对材料的指称Thewriter/theauthor;thereadingpassage/thereadingmaterial/thewriting/thereadingthespeaker/thelecturer/theprofessor;thelecture/thelisteningmaterial（二）指代阅读材料中信息的抽象名词reason;cause;basis;ground;motive;motivationexample;instance;exemplarevidence;data;fact;proof;basis;foundationexplanationfor/of;accountofdefinition;description;clarification;illustration;demonstrationassumption;premise;presumption;supposition;postulation;hypothesis;guess;conjectureconclusion;belief;idea;opinion;judgment;view;notion;argument;theoryissue;matter;topic;subject;concern;problemacknowledgement;observation;predictionstatement;pointadvice;recommendation;appeal;proposal;plan;schemebenefit;advantage;improvement;（三）指代听解材料中信息的抽象名词(further/closer/other)studies;researches(new)finding;discoveryalternativeexplanation/theorycounter-example/evidenceallegation;claimobjection;refutationremark;comment（四）对比相关信息THEAUTHOR:discuss;introduce;argue;conclude;suggest;recommend;propose;appealthepassage：discusses/introduces/concludes/argues/…THESPEAKER:1)pointout;say;tell;put;2)disagreewith;disapprove;refute;rebut;reject;objectto;oppose;counter;3)doubt;question;challenge;4)cite;mention;quote;referto;5)suggest;imply;putforward;6)explain;exemplify;show;illustrate;7)support;agreewith;standby;back(up)听解材料与阅读材料中的观点不同时听解材料更有可信度时的提法（比如提及amorerecentstudy/acloserobservation）：Notasthepassageputsit,…Unlikedescribedinthepassage,…Contrarytothepassage,…/Quitethecontrary,…/Quitetheopposite,…/Justtheopposite,…/Bycontraries,…/Onthecontrary,…/TotheContrary,…While/whereasthewriterstates…,thelectureropposestheclaim.Thefactis…/Thepointis…/Itturnsoutthat…Thespeakerprovidesanalternativeexplanationof/for...whichthewritersuggestsis...Thelecturecompletelyrefusesthepassage.Contrarytothebeliefinthereadingpassagethat…Finally,theprofessorstatedthat...whichchallengesthestandpointmadebythewriterwhosaidthat...Contrarytothebeliefinthepassagethat…theprofessorsaysthat…Theprofessorrefutest